• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1179-1187
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• 2007

This paper represents the statistical characteristics of sources and receptors for road traffic noise in apartment complex. Also we suggested that the site-specific characteristics of vertical and horizontal distributions in the complex apartment have been derived using a different analysis for evaluating levels of Leq1h by the apartment floor at a given distance from a road in terms of the flow rate, the mean speed of the traffic, and the percentage of the type vehicles in the day and night periods. As a result, the contribution orders of traffic quantity by the type of vehicles showed as followed: light vehicle>medium vehicle>heavy vehicle>motorcycle. Especially, the mixing ratio of entering the road on the heavy vehicle in the daytime was two times higher than that of in the night. The speed in all types of vehicle is in the range of 41 and 81 km/hr and noise level was not significantly different in day and night-time. The sources of road traffic noise had different variations and uncertainties using a random variable and probability distribution. The sound distribution to receptors by the apartment floor showed S curve between 1st floor and $15^{th}$ floor With the normality test, the normal distributions using Anderson-Darling Test followed $1^{st},\;3^{th},\;13^{th}$ and $15^{th}$, floor in the daytime and all floors except $7^{th}$ floor in the night (p>0.05). And also, the value of the pearson correlation coefficient (r) obtained in this study have significantly different at the range of floor. In conclusion, the results suggested that the distribution characteristics of levels of $Leq_{1h}$ on the sources and receptors of road traffic noise in apartment complex must be improved and developed on the guideline of regulation of road traffic noise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1467-1474
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• 2006

Fish-frames, which are left after obtaining fillets or muscle during fish processing, consists of useful food components, such as muscle, collagen, calcium, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study was carried out to prepare snack using conger eel frame (SF) for human consumption and also to elucidate food component characterization of the snack. The results of volatile basic nitrogen suggested that conger eel frame was a suitable material for preparing snack. Based on the results of sensory evaluation and costs, starch syrup was an optimal sweetener for preparing snack using conger eel frame. The starch syrup-treated SF appeared safe because the moisture content and peroxide value were below the safety limits described in the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Starch syrup-treated SF was similar in the pattern of fatty acid composition to soybean oil, whereas EPA and DHA were detected in SF. The total content of amino acid in starch syrup-treated SF was 23.9% based on 100 g of raw material. The maj or amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. The total contents of calcium and phosphorus in starch syrup-treated SF were 4.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The Ca/P of starch syrup-treated SF was 1.9, which is a good ratio for absorption of calcium. The SF made with starch syrup was superior in EPA and DHA compositions, total amino acid, calcium and phosphorus contents to commercial snack using eel frame.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.43-53
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was designed to examine physiological changes in the body of rescuers conduct CPR according to the 2005 new guideline from American Heart Association. The ratio of artificial respiration has changed from 15 : 2 into 30 : 2 in 2005. The researcher tried to know the correlation between the physiological changes and the accuracy of CPR. Method : The examinees of this study were 26 students (Dept. of Emergency Medical Service). After the training, participants conducted 10 minute CPR and soon after the CPR, their vital signs were checked, and lactic acid and concentration of ammonia were analysed from their blood samples. Questionnaires to ask their subjective fatigue level were filled out after blood samples and 10 minute - CPR was performed. Results : 1) After the CPR, concentrations of ammonia were $149.71{\mu}{\ell}/d{\ell}$ and $162.17{\mu}{\ell}/d{\ell}$ in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2, respectively. The number was higher in 30 : 2 but it wan not statistically meaningful (p = .493). Log value of lactic acid was a little higher in 30 : 2 with 42 log($mmol/{\ell}$) and 54 log($mmol/{\ell}$) in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2, respectively but it was not statistically meaningful (p = .113). 2) Blood pressure in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2 were 118.50 mmHg and 125.08 mmHg while pulse in two different cases were 96.14 and 97.25, showing no statistically significant differences (blood pressure : p = .155, pulse : p = .841). 3) Subjective fatigue was a bit high in 30 : 2 with 5.93 and 6.92 points in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2 respectively but it was not statistically meaningful (p = .142). 4) In the 10 minute CPR, respiration accuracy was 96.21% in 15 : 2 and 94.79% in 30 : 2. There was no statistical significances between the two(p = .225). In the meanwhile, chest compression accuracy was 92.57% in 15 : 2 and 91.83% in 30 : 2. From the beginning to the end of chest compression, there showed no difference(p = .425). the type of CPR did not influence upon the accuracy of chest compression(p = .756). Conclusion : In the CPR conducted by skilled rescuers for 10 minutes, there were no statistically meaningful differences between 15 : 2 and 30 : 2 in the concentration of fatigue element in a blood, subjective fatigue, vital signs and accuracy of CPR. Therefore, 30 : 2 CPR recommended by American Heart Association need to be recommended and performed in scene size up.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2009

Recently, design technology of has been required such as catamaran yacht with high-speed according to expand a marine leisure industry. The domestic technical development for design and production of yacht is not actively than Canada, USA, Japan etc. However, with further development of yacht design & technology, it is need to develop a key technology related to increase the value of catamaran yacht. In the present paper, new guideline is suggest for catamaran yacht as like kinds of marine leisure ship in order for fundamental structure design and structural analysis for twin-hulled ship yacht and techniques for structural analysis as sea leisure ship in this research. The class of society has not been proposed formally about regulation and methodology for estimation of strength of small hight-speed craft with satisfying two conditions as noted; length less than 50meters, ratio of length to breadth less than 12. In the present study, we were adopted DNV (Yachts, Design Principles, Design Loads, Hull Structural Design) Rule and KR (FRP rule application guide) for scantling of structural members. Furthermore, ABS rule is used for structural calculation about application of loading conditions for catamaran yacht. This study can be available feedback role to manufacture of 38ft diffusion style for catamaran yacht. It is expected that this study will be a good reference in order to design of catamaran yacht with high-speed.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.16
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• pp.37-44
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• 1998

The estimation of PMP (Probable Maximum Precipitation) and the analysis of characteristics of PMF (Probable Maximum Flood) according to the types of time distribution of rainfall and variations of base flow for the determination of design flood of major hydraulic structures in the watershed area of Wi stream were analysed. The PMP was estimated by the hydro-meteorological method suggested by the guideline of the World Meteorological Organization(WMO). The Blocking method was cited to transpose from PMP to PMS (Probable Maximum Storm) with time distribution. The unit hydrograph, applied for the estimation of PMF was derived by Clark's method. The summaryzed results : (1) The 72 hrs duration PMP in the area is 477.3mm which is 80mm less than the PMP map in Korea and 134 mm lager than the maximum precipitation of 342.9mm in Taegu, near the Wi stream watershed. (2) According to the types of time distribution and variations of base flow, the ranges of PMF for advanced type, central type and delayed type are 3,145.3~3,348.3cms, 3,774.6~3,977.7cms and 3,814.6~4,017.3cms, respectively. Those mean that peak discharge of advanced type is 600cms less than the central type and delayed type. (3) Delayed type among three types by Blocking method has been estimated the largest PMF of 4,017.3cms, and the advanced type has been estimated the smallest PMF of 3,145.3cms. The mean value of the peak PMF of 3,653.6cms may probably be resonable PMF in the Wi stream watershed. The mean PMF could probably be 1.7 times lager than the result of Gajiyama's equation. It is equivalent to the flood of return period 1,000 to 10,000 yrs.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.164-174
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• 2008

It is crucial In decision making to select a project delivery system (PDS) adjusted accordingly to the project characteristics. Furthermore, selecting a tendering system is the kernel in the process of selecting PDS. In October 2007, the Ministry of Finance and the Economy of Korea launched two new project delivery systems, "Best Value Contract (Design-Bid-Build)" and "Bridging Contracts (Design-Build)" by revising enforcement ordinances of "Act on Contracts to Which the State is a Party" to provoke the tendering systems. In order to support the proposed purpose, this research developed a selection model for suitable tendering system, which helps a public owner select a tendering system appropriate to the project characteristics. First, the framework of the model was set throughout analyzing previous researches and interviewing relevant experts. Additionally, by analyzing the survey result from 265 experts engaged in architectural and civil engineering business, the relative weights of the selection factors and the effectiveness values of the alternatives were suggested as the quantitative evaluation references. Finally, the practical guideline was suggested to apply this model to three public projects scheduled to be delivered. The result of applying the model to three case projects showed that further researches were needed to make the selection process logical and to suggest the standard weights and effectiveness values according to project type.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1214-1219
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• 2011

This study was conducted to compare of greenhouse gas emissions between 1996 and 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines change. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated separately by rice cultivation, agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues from 2000 to 2008 according to 1996 and 2006 IPCC guidelines. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions, emission factor and activity data were used IPCC default value and the food, agricultural, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook of MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries). The greenhouse emissions by 1996 IPCC guidelines were highest in rice cultivation as 4,008 $CO_2$-eq Gg of 2000 and 3,558 $CO_2$-eq Gg of 2008. The emissions by N-fixing crops, crop residues returned soils and field burning did not much affect the total emissions. $CO_2$ emissions by urea and lime were calculated by adding in 2006 IPCC guidelines and its emissions were 157 and 82 $CO_2$-eq Gg in 2008 respectively. The emissions by N-fixing crops, crop residues returned to soils and field burning, in common with 1996 IPCC guidelines, did not have a significant impact on total emissions. The total emissions in agronomic sector was decreased continuously from 2000 to 2008 and annual emissions by 2006 IPCC guidelines were approximately 26-29% less than the 1996 IPCC guidelines.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 2019

Streptococcosis caused by Streptococcus parauberis is a very important disease in farmed olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. For most fish pathogens, including S. parauberis, there are no analytical criteria to distinguish antibioticsusceptible strains from antibiotic-resistant strains. In this study, epidemiological cut-off ($CO_{WT}$) values were generated to classify 75 strains of S. parauberis isolated from 1999 to 2018 as wild type (WT) and non-wild type (NWT) using disc diffusion data and normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) analysis. The susceptibility of the isolates to 16 antibiotics was evaluated using CLSI guideline M42-A. The wild-type cut-off values for amoxicillin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and florfenicol for S. parauberis were ${\geq}35$, 31, 28, and 27 mm, respectively. The NWT ratios of S. parauberis strains to treatment with GEN, FFC, ENR, SXT, EFT, VAN, and CHL were 17% or less, indicating that these antibiotics may be used to treat streptococcosis caused by S. parauberis. For recent S. parauberis isolates, the NWT ratios for AMX, ERY, OTC and FFC are much higher than for strains isolated from 1999-2007. The $CO_{WT}$ data from this study will assist aquatic animal disease professionals in prescribing appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of streptococcosis caused by S. parauberis, which will help reduce the misuse and abuse of antibiotics in the aquaculture sector.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.211-224
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• 2012

Technology for energy recovery from waste can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. So recently, there are several companies using RDF, RPF, WCF instead of using only coal fuel and it's part of the fuel on the increase. In this study, we developed Wood chip fuel $CO_2$ emission factor through fuel analysis. It's moisture content is 23%, received net calorific value is 2,845 kcal/kg, and received basis carbon is 34%. The result of emission factor is $105ton\;CO_2/TJ$, it's 5.9% lower than 2006 IPCC guideline default factor $112ton\;CO_2/TJ$. The gross GHG(Greenhouse gases) emissions of plant A is $178,767ton\;CO_2 eq./yr$, and Net GHG emissions is $40,359ton\;CO_2 eq./yr$. Therefore, the reduction of GHG emissions is $138,408ton\;CO_2/yr$ through using WCF, and I accounts for 77% of all GHG emissions.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.543-551
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• 2018

The uranium concentrations were determined in groundwater collected from 3,820 community groundwater system (CGS) located in remote rural areas where access to the nationwide water work is not easy. The frequency distribution of uranium concentrations shows a lognormal distribution which is common in most radionuclide surveys. The measured maximum uranium concentration was $1,757.0{\mu}g/L$ with an average of $6.46{\mu}g/L$ and a median of $0.76{\mu}g/L$. When grouping the uranium concentration results of CGS into 10 geological units, the median uranium concentration was high ($0.99-2.05{\mu}g/L$) in three granite areas, and low in sedimentary rocks areas and porous volcanic rocks areas ($0.04-0.50{\mu}g/L$). Of the 3,820 samples, 3.8% are above the guideline value of $30{\mu}g/L$ (WHO, 2011). On the other hand, the exceeding rates of JGRA and PGRA CGS are 8.5% and 7.5%, respectively. Therefore, attention should be paid for the development of new CGS along with the management of the existing CGS in JGRA and PGRA areas.