• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.541-553
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between epistemic goals, epistemic considerations and complexity of reasoning of science high school students in an open inquiry and to explore the context on how open inquiry compares with the characteristics of an authentic scientific inquiry. Two teams were selected as focus groups and a case study was conducted. The findings are as follows: First, the contexts, such as 'sharing the value for the phenomenon understanding, reflection on the value of the research, task characteristics that require collaboration and consensus, and sufficient communication opportunities,' promote epistemic goals and considerations. On the other hand, contexts such as 'lack of opportunity for critical review of related literature and environmental constraints' lowered epistemic sides. Second, epistemic goals and considerations influenced the reasoning complexity. The goal of 'scientific sense making' led to reasoning that pose testable hypotheses based on students' own questions. The high justification considerations led to purposely focusing attention to the control designs and developing creative experimental know-how. The high audience considerations led to defending their findings through argumentation and suggesting future research. On the other hand, the goal of 'doing the lesson' and the low justification considerations led to reasoning that did not interpret the meaning of the data and did not control the limit of experiment. The low audience considerations led to reasoning that did not actively defend their findings and not suggest future research. The results of this study suggest that guidance should provide communication and critical review opportunities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2008

With the growth of airline management, as well as computer and IT security, the international trade in this modern society has been rapidly increasing, Along with the advancing, airplanes have become a universal means of communication. However, the complications associated with airplane safety have also been brought up as a result, the most concerning of which is terrorism. One of the main counterplans for preventing terrorism is Ground security activities the core of Ground security activities is absolute safety for passengers in both passenger terminal and freight terminal. Subastral security refers to physical protection, proximity control and 100% security search and freight guarding of the passengers' possessions, and the personnel's duties to perform such jobs are be! coming more crucial. On the other hand, Airport security check has bee n gradually developing since the 1960's, when hijacking began to take place. Although the airports have been providing more safe and comfortable services to their customers, terrorism is still happening today. When Ground security activities is minute, the users feel displeasure and discomfort, yet considering solely their convenience can brings problems in achieving safety. Since the 9.11 terror in 2001, the idea of improving and strengthening airport security was reinforced and a considerable amount of estate is being spent today for invention and application of new technology. Various nations, including the United States, have been improving their systems of security through public services; public police department is actively carrying out their duties in airports as well. In San Francisco International Airport, private police department is in charge of collection of data, national events, VIP protection, law enforcement, cooperation within facilities, daily-based patrol and traffic control. Under guidance and supervision of national organizations, such as TSA, general police department interprets X-Rays, operates metal detectors, checks passports or IDs and observes reactions to explosives. Under these circumstances, studies about advancement of cooperation and duties of general police department and private police department necessitated: especially about private police department and their training for searching equipments, decrease in number of turn over rate, invention of technology and prior settlement in estate for security. The privacy of the public, who make up the major population of airport passengers, must also be minimized. In the following research, the activities of police departments in San Francisco International Airport will be analyzed in order to understand recent actions of the United States on airport security.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.26-29
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• 2011

Purpose: The general test method of the Korean Pharmacopeia specifies the test method on the clauses of quality control after manufacturing. According to KFDA Guidance for Medicines, standards of residual solvents regulates the maximum permissible dose of acetonitrile as 400 ppm, ethanol as 5,000 ppm, and acetic acid as 5,000 ppm. This study aims at identifying the type of resiual solvents in the final [F-18]FDG vial of an automatic synthesizer and measure its residual quantity. Materials and Methods: The center carried out residual solvents test of [F-18]FDG injection using Agilent Technologies 7890A with a Flame Ionization Detector. The column of Agilent Technologies 7890A used in measuring of residual solvents was CP WAX column ($30m{\times}0.53mm{\times}1.0{\mu}m$) and analysis condition was split mode 1:1 at the initial temperature $70^{\circ}C$ which was increased $20^{\circ}C/minute$ after two minutes and maintained at the final $140^{\circ}C$ for two minutes. The analysis method was as following: Firstly, ethanol-acetonitrile-acetic acid mixture was classified into four types of concentration (250-25-250 ppm, 1,000-100-1,000 ppm, 3,000-300-3,000 ppm, and 6,000-600-6,000 ppm), and $1.0{\mu}L$ of each type of concentration was injected into gas chromatography followed by an analysis of its peak domain. Then, a calibration-curve by the external standard method was drawn based on the analysis result. Results: While ethanol and acetonitrile were detected in TRACERlab MX, FASTlab had additional acetic acid. The residual quantity of the ethanol-acetonitrile-acetic acid mixture evaluated using the calibration-curve was average 72 ppm ethanol, 54 ppm acetonitrile, and 1030 ppm acetic acid for FASTlab, whereas average 439 ppm ethanol and 79 ppm acetonitrile for TRACERlab MX. This indicated that both of them were within the maximum permissible dose. Conclusion: Solvent residues in the [F-18]FDG injection were all within maximum permissible doses and proper to be used to examine a patient. The result indicated that types and quantities of solvent resides of radioactive pharmaceuticals vary depending on the automatic synthesizer.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.299-320
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• 2012

We have information through a variety of media such as language, pictures and internet. Since we get information through texts mostly, we can say that reading ability which enables a person to read a text and understand its meaning basically is the most essential for people to possess. Taking the advantage of the fact that a school is a place where learning and daily-life guidance can be made at the same time, we need to try encouraging students to involve in learning process and feel a sense of accomplishment by adding consultation between a teacher and a student or between a student and a student in Korean subject. This study selected two fifth grade classes of an elementary school of small and medium-sized city as an experimental group and a control group respectively and applied reading strategy program by using interaction of complementary lesson as the number of ten times during five weeks. It focused on making students interested in complementary class and encouraging them to become active participants. This study's goal is to see if the reading strategy program affects students' reading comprehension, metacognition and a sense of self-efficacy The results of the study are as in the following: first, the reading strategy program of complementary lesson is effective in students' reading comprehension and a range of factual understanding and sentimental understanding. Second, the reading strategy program of complementary lesson is effective in adjustment area as a subordinate factor of metacognition. Third, the reading strategy program of complementary lessonis effective in students' sense of self-efficacy. It is shown that experience of using new reading strategy and successful experience and help in peer-group members have a positive effects on a student's sense of self-efficacy. Forth, as the result of satisfaction evaluation over the program with the students' activity report and researchers' observation results, the study shows that the organization and operation of the program influences on students' effort and participation to reach the goal together positively. Through the results as above, we can say that the reading strategy program of complementary lesson have a positive effect on a student's reading comprehension, metacognition and a sense of self-efficacy.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.207-244
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• 2015

Aviation safety is the stage in which the risk of harm to persons or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management. Many accidents and incidents have been taking place since 2014, while there had been relatively safer skies before 2014. International civil aviation community has been exerting great efforts to deal with these emerging issues, thus enhancing and ensuring safety throughout the world over the years. The Preamble of the Chicago Convention emphasizes safety and order of international air transport, and so many Articles in the Convention are related to the safety. Furthermore, most of the Annexes to the Convention are International Standards and Recommended Practices pertaining to the safety. In particular, Annex 19, which was promulgated in Nov. 2013, dealing with safety management system. ICAO, as law-making body, has Air Navigation Commission, Council, Assembly to deliberate and make decisions regarding safety issues. It is also implementing USOAP and USAP to supervise safety functions of member States. After MH 370 disappeared in 2014, ICAO is developing Global Tracking System whereby there should be no loophole in tracking the location of aircraft anywhere in world with the information provided by many stakeholders concerned. MH 17 accident drove ICAO to install web-based repository where information relating to the operation in conflict zones is provided and shared. In addition, ICAO has been initiating various solutions to emerging issues such as ebola outbreak and operation under extreme meteorological conditions. Considering the necessity of protection and sharing of safety data and information to enhance safety level, ICAO is now suggesting enhanced provisions to do so, and getting feedback from member States. It has been observed that ICAO has been approaching issues towards problem-solving from four different dimensions. First regarding time, it analyses past experiences and best practices, and make solutions in short, mid and long terms. Second, from space perspective, ICAO covers States, region and the world as a whole. Third, regarding stakeholders it consults with and hear from as many entities as it could, including airlines, airports, community, consumers, manufacturers, air traffic control centers, air navigation service providers, industry and insurers. Last not but least, in terms of regulatory changes, it identifies best practices, guidance materials and provisions which could become standards and recommended practices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

Helical Tomotherapy is an innovative means of delivering intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using a device that merges features of a linear accelerator and helical computed tomography (CT) scanner. Hereat, during helical tomotherapy process, megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) image are usually used for guiding the precise set-up of patient before/after treatment delivery. But which would certainly increase the total dose for patients, this study was to investigate the imaging dose of MVCT using the cylindrical "Cheese" phantom on a tomotherapy machine. A set of cylindrical "Cheese" phantom was adopted for scanning with respectively pitch value (1, 2, 3 mm) with same number slice (10 slice), same length (approximately 9 cm) and phantom set-ups on the couch of tomotherapy system. The average MVCT imaging dose were measured using A1SL ion chamber inserted in the phantom with preset geometry. The MVCT scanning average dose for the cylindrical "Cheese" phantom was 2.24 cGy, 1.02 cGy, 0.81 cGy during respectively pitch value (pitch 1, 2, 3 mm) with same number slice (10 slice), and same length's average dose was 2.47 cGy, 1.28 cGy, 0.88 cGy respectively (pitch 1, 2, 3 mm). Two major parameters, the assigned pitch numbers and scanning length, where the most important impacts to the dose variation. The MVCT dose was inversely proportional to the CT pitch value. The results may provide a reliable guidance for proper planning design of the scanning region, which is valuable to help minimize the extra dose to patient. Questionnaires were distributed to Radiology departments at hospitals with 300 sickbeds throughout the Pohang region of North Gyeongsang Province concerning awareness and performance levels of infection control. The investigation included measurements of the pollution levels of imaging equipment and assistive apparatuses in order to prepare a plan for the activation of prevention and management of hospital infections. The survey was designed to question respondents in regards to personal data, infection management prevention education, and infection management guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1956-1964
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• 2009

Understanding ethical fashion consumers in Korea is essential for the expansion of the ethical fashion market. This study analyzed ethical consumers in Korea in an examination of the factors that influence ethical purchase behavior and attitudes. The differences between ethical fashion consumers and non-ethical fashion consumers were investigated using eight variables (perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), self-direction, benevolence, universalism, social responsibility, perceived behavioral control, face saving, and group conformity). Data were collected by means of a questionnaire through both on-line and off-line surveys from April 20 to June 7, 2009. Only the respondents knowledgeable of ethical products or ethical consumption were asked to complete the questionnaire. A total of 494 samples were used for analyses. Using independent samples t-test, the differences in each variable between two groups were examined. There were significant differences between ethical fashion consumers and non-ethical fashion consumers in attitudes toward ethical consumption behavior, behavioral intention, PCE, self-direction, universalism, social responsibility, and face saving variables. The factors influencing attitude and behavior intention were investigated by step-wise regression analyses. For ethical fashion consumers, the attitudes to ethical consumption behavior were largely influenced by PCE and benevolence. Social responsibility was the most predictable variable in guiding behavioral intention. Behavioral intention was also influenced by benevolence and attitude. Group conformity was found to be negatively correlated with behavioral intention. The findings of this study provide significant guidance for marketers of ethical fashion products. This study is the start of ethical fashion consumer research in Korea and can develop into variable subfields in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.112-132
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• 1975

When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population growth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nurses as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Fur the more family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In-service education in family planning so that effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the national population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives : 1. To find out the general characteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X²test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74% of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the subjects on the average than did respondents from diploma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-legation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic traction, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfering factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four-year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondents.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.38-46
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• 2013

The goal of vocational school is to provide students with basic skills and help develop them to have satisfactory careers. With the knowledge they have learned, it helps them to find their interests and aptitudes when they graduate. The government is putting a lot of effort into clarifying the goal accomplishment and the vision proposals of vocational schools, and the structure-oriented guidance controlled by the government is thought to be very influential to the social structure and individual perceptions. Social stereotypes(discrimination) and perceptions that can be the core of a social structure need to be transformed for people to be fulfilled in their careers in the upcoming advanced Korean society. The important solution is to form correct values and a system of career selection which can ensure a stable future for students. Therefore, to carry out research regarding training human resources in terms of students from vocational schools' landscape architecture majors in an approaching method with a new perspective, we analyzed education plans from vocational schools in 11 regions, textbooks used in common, governmental publications regarding career education policies of vocational schools and questionnaires from students who are majoring in landscape architecture at vocational schools. As a result, we were able to find out the types and the frequencies of career-occupation education at each school through analysis of education plans and the necessity to control the amount and the level of the contents for high school students to have careers in analyzing textbooks. In addition, in Ministry of Education, Science and Technology's analyzing career education policies of vocational schools, we figured out the government's policies and directions of training. From the questionnaires from students majoring in landscape architecture, we were able to compare and analyze the satisfaction level of students on career education(education plans), textbooks, governmental career policies and career selection.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 1988

The purpose of this thesis is to suggest objective basic data for park management proposal through the quantitative analysis of users' behaviors and satisfaction for the actual conditions of management in the Chiri Mountain National Park. For this users' behaviors and socio-economic characteristics have been cross-analyzed. Specifically, it attempts to investigate users' anticipate and degree of satisfaction applied Expectancy Theory by Likert attitude scale. Users'behaviors patterns of each site have been analyzed by the factor analysis algorithm, and each factor scores of sites have been clustered by the cluster method. And also user' satisfaction for the actual conditions of management have been analyzed by using the multiple regression. The major user groups were students and youth groups accompanied by their friends ranging from 3 to 10. The values of user'post occupancy-evaluation for such as rockwall climbing and praying on the mountain of each site showed higher than those of anticipated, but evaluation values of other activities were lower. The user'behaviors of each site have been analyzed five factors by factor analysis algorithm. By using the control method for the number of factors, T.V. has been obtained as 50.58%. The factor score of factor covering the behavior patterns of student and youth yield high EV. and C.V.. On the analysis of cluster using factor score, factor IV in Hwaomsa temple site and Ssanggyesa temple site, factor II, v in Jungsanri Valley site, factor, I, III in Bangmudong valley site and factor I. IV in Baemsagol vallry site showed very high values, respectively. According to the multiple regression analysis, the major variables related to the satisfaction for the actual conditions of vegetation and landscape managements were reservation of groundcover, recovery of artificial injury, the surroundings of camping and temple site. In the park facilities and operation, the major variables related to the satisfaction were conditions of management such amenity facilities as privy, sign board, junk yard, camping site, and guidance of excursion, campaign and preservation of nature.