• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.463-472
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• 2010

It was conducted to investigate the control efficacy of carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides, such as benthiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, dimethomorph and mandipropamid, against pepper Phytophthora blight caused by P. capsid in the laboratory and the field. The fungicides inhibited mycelial growth and direct sporangium germination of P. capsid strongly, while there was no activity of all fungicides against zoospore release from sporangium. In greenhouse test, they showed the good protective and curative effect against pepper Phytophthora blight. Benthiavalicarb applied at $100{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ 7 days before inoculation prevented pepper Phytophthora blight by 100%, even though the zoosporangiurn suspension of P. capsid adjusted to not only $5{\times}10^3$ zoosporangia $mL^{-1}$ but also $1{\times}10^5$ zoosporangia $mL^{-1}$ was inoculated by soil-drenching. Except for dimethomorph, the other fungicides showed an excellent control activity over 2 years from 2009 to 2010 in the field test. The control value of dimethomorph applied at $250{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ was low, 27.2% in 2009, but that of dimethomorph applied even at $125{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ was high, 89.5% in 2010. All the fungicides showed good inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and the direct germination of zoosporangiurn, and controlled pepper Phytophthora blight preventively and curatively, can be used to establish the spray system for control1ing the pepper disease.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

It was the investigated the response to metalaxyl of Phytophthora capsici isolates collected in 2005 and 2006. With effective concentrations ($EC_{50}$) of metalaxyl causing 50% growth inhibition, resistance baseline was determined as more than $1.0\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. Based on the resistance baseline, isolation frequency (%) of P. capsici resistant to metalaxyl was 29.0% and 218% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Among the isolates of P. capsici obtained in 2006, the isolation was variable; 33.3% in Chungnam, 26.3% in Chungbuk and 11.1% in Gyeongbuk. Two isolates of metalaxyl-sensitive (MS) and too isolates of metalaxyl-resistant (MR) P. capsici were selected and then used to investigate the activity of metalaxyl to their development stages. Even though there was a difference in mycelial growth inhibition by metalaxyl between MS and MR isolates, the fungicide was not active or nearly to sporangium germination, zoospore release, and zoospore germination of both MS and MR isolates. However, the fungicide showed weak activity against sporangium germination and zoospore release of P. capsici, not related with its resistance. Also, it was not inhibitory to zoospore germination of both resistant and sensitive isolates. In a greenhouse test, it showed 100% of control value against P. capsici 06-86 sensitive to metalaxyl, when it was applied by soil-drenching at $25\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$. However, 06-130 and 16-155 resistant to metalaxyl showed less than 20% of control value.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.767-774
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• 2011

Cell migration plays a fundamental role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis as well as in many physiological responses. Here, we screened four different sources of garlic - water extract of normal and black garlic, as well as dried normal and black garlic - for the identification of anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity on cancer cells. Inhibition of cancer cell migration was observed in the hexane extract of dried-garlic. Inhibitory activity was further purified to near homogeneity by thin layer chromatography and named $\b{i}$nhibitor of $\b{c}$ancer $\b{m}$etastasis from garlic #27 (ICMG-27). ICMG-27 completely blocked insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced OVCAR-3 cell migration at 6 ${\mu}g/ml$. ICMG-27 completely blocked IGF-1-induced OVCAR-3 and NIH-3T3 cell migration whereas IGF-1-induced mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell migration was not affected byICMG-27. ICMG-27 inhibited all the tested IGF-1-induced cancer cell migration such as OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, and MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, ICMG-27 could inhibit IGF-1-, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-, leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-, and angiotensin II (AngII)-induced OVCAR-3 cell migration. These results indicate that ICMG-27 inhibits cancer cell migration by blocking essential steps in many agonists-induced cancer cell migrations. Unveiling an anti-invasive mechanism of ICMG-27 on cancer cells will provide a basis for cancer therapy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.671-678
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• 2019

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of plant sources have attracted a wide range of interest across the world over the last decade. This is due to the growing concern for safe and alternative sources of antibacterial and antioxidant agents. In this study, we focused on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities and the chemical composition of a methanol extract from Viburnum sargentii seeds. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the antibacterial activity was screened by a disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using the microbroth dilution and spread plate method, respectively. The V. sargentii extract showed growth inhibition activity on all tested Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Proteus vulgaris) pathogenic bacteria. The MIC and MBC ranged from 0.156~1.25 mg/ml for Gram-positive and 0.625~5.0 mg/ml for Gram-negative tested bacteria. The GC-MS results revealed the presence of several phytochemicals such as ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and vitamin E, which are known for their pharmacological applications. The antioxidant activities of V. sargentii extract were investigated by three different methods: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, the reducing power assay, and the total antioxidant capacity assay. The results showed a concentration-dependent antioxidant potential for all three used methods. In sum, our findings suggest that the methanol extract of V. sargentii seeds has the potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and provide antioxidant compounds, making it therefore worthy of further investigation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 1993

The susceptibilities of 45 clinical isolates of bacteroides frogilis to cefaclor, ciproflxacin and imipenem were determined by new method, E-test (AB Bidisk, Solna, Sweden) and were compared with those from conventional agar dilution method by using brain heart infusion, Mueller-Hinton and Wilkins Chalgren agar plates. And the susceptibility of 60 clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group (B. fragilis 45 strains, B. distasonis 6 strains, B. ovatus 5 strains, B. thetaiotaomicron 4 strains) to 5 quinolones (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin) were determined by in vitro agar dilution method. Compared with agar dilution MICs for B. fragilis 45 strains, 90.3% of E-test MICs were within ${\pm}$1 dilution of the agar dilutions, and 98.4% were within 2 dilutions. And there were little effect of different medium bases to determine MICs except Mueller-Hinton agar. On Mueller-Hinton agar, B. fragilis showed have or no growth activity. In vitro susceptibility of B. fragjlis group to quinolones, most of the test strains showed resistant patterns to quinolones except ofloxacin and there was little difference of susceptibility patterns between species of B. fragilis group.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.46-58
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate intestinal immune system activation and anti-metastatic effect on cancer cells by orally administered extracts of Boyanghwano-tang. Methods: To observe immunomodulating effects of Boyanghwano-tang on Peyer's patch cells, we measured cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4. In addition to observing effects of Boyanghwano-tang on hematopoiesis, we measured proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. IgA induction activated in intestinal content and serum was measured to observe the effect of orally administered Boyanghwano-tang on mucosal immune system. After administering ovalbumin (OVA) with Boyanghwano-tang, Proliferation of Peyer's patch cell was measured to investigate gut immunostimulatory effect. Anti-metastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell. Results: The amounts of GM-CSF and IL-4 in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells were significantly increased compared to the control group. The proliferation of bone marrow cell was significantly up-regualted with Boyanghwano-tang. These results indicate that oral administration of Boyanghwano-tang enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-4 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation. After orally administering OVA with Boyanghwano-tang, IgA induction and Proliferation of peyer's patch cell was up-regulated with Boyanghwano-tang. These results means orally administered Boyanghwano-tang activates intestinal immune system and has an inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. In addition, We found that orally administered Boyanghwano-tang significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. Conclusions: Orally administered Boyanghwano-tang appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of immune system.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.80-91
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• 2003

Mutans streptococci, especially S. mutans and S. sobrinus strongly implicated in pathogenesis of dental caries, the major cause of tooth loss in children. Use of an antibacterial agent controlling dental caries has been rationalized. The present study was performed to observe the antibacterial effect of inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) on S. mutans and S. sobrinus. S. mutans GS5 and S. sobrinus 6715 were grown in brain-heart infusion broth with or without polyP. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of polyP for S. mutans GS5 was determined to be 0.08% and that for S. sobrius 6715 was 0.17%. PolyP 15 added to the growing culture of S. mutans GS5 and S. sobrinus 6715 at their exponential phase was as effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans GS5 and S. sobrinus 6715 as polyP added at the very beginning of the culture. More than 85% of the cells lost their viability determined by viable cell count when polyP 15 was added to the culture of growing S. mutans GS5 at MIC, suggesting that polyP 15 has bacterial effect on the bacterium. And more than 99.9% of the cells lost their viability determined by viable cell count when polyP 15 was added to the culture of growing S. sobrinus 6715 at MIC, suggesting that polyP 15 has bacterial effect on the bacterium. Intracellular nucleotide release from S. mutans CS5 and S. sobrinus 6715 was increased in the presence of polyP 15 for 5h but was not really reversed by the addition of divalent cations like $Ca^{++}\;and\;Mg^{++}$. The majority of the cells appeared to be atypical in their shape, demonstrating accumulation of highly electron-dense granules and ghost cells. The overall results suggest that polyP have a strong bactericidal activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in which lysis in relation to chelation may not play the major role but unknown mechanism that possibly affects the viability of the bacterium may be involved. PolyP may be used as an agent for prevention of dental caries.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.547-553
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• 2014

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common brain malignancies and has a very poor prognosis. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) in GBM and the rare CSC subpopulation that is resistant to chemotherapy may be responsible for the treatment failure and unfavorable prognosis of GBM. A garlic-derived compound, Z-ajoene, has shown a range of biological activities, including anti-proliferative effects on several cancers. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that Z-ajoene specifically inhibits the growth of the GBM CSC population. CSC sphere-forming inhibition was achieved at a concentration that did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect in regular cell culture conditions. The specificity of this inhibitory effect on the CSC population was confirmed by detecting CSC cell surface marker CD133 expression and biochemical marker ALDH activity. In addition, stem cell-related mRNA profiling and real-time PCR revealed the differential expression of CSC-specific genes, including Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog, upon treatment with Z-ajoene. A proteomic approach, i.e., reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) and Western blot analysis, showed decreased SMAD4, p-AKT, 14.3.3 and FOXO3A expression. The protein interaction map (http://string-db.org/) of the identified molecules suggested that the AKT, ERK/p38 and $TGF{\beta}$ signaling pathways are key mediators of Z-ajoene's action, which affects the transcriptional network that includes FOXO3A. These biological and bioinformatic analyses collectively demonstrate that Z-ajoene is a potential candidate for the treatment of GBM by specifically targeting GBM CSCs. We also show how this systemic approach strengthens the identification of new therapeutic agents that target CSCs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.642-650
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• 2003

To develop a new approach to the treatment of neuroblastoma cells we evaluated the effect of cAMP on the Ewing's sarcoma cell line CHP-100. We observed that the proliferation-inhibitory effect of cAMP analogs was due to cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, which was confirmed by observing the morphological changes and DNA fragmentation. DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed that cAMP arrested the cell cycle progression at the G1 phase, which effects were associated with inhibition of phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and enhanced binding of pRB and the transcription factor E2F-1. cAMP also suppressed the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 and cyclin E-associated kinase activity without changes of their expressions. Furthermore, cAMP induced the levels of Cdk inhibitor $p21^{WAF1/CIP1$ expression and p21 proteins induced by cAMP were associated with Cdk2. Overall, our results identify a combined mechanism involving the inhibition of pRB phosphorylation and induction of p21 as targets for cAMP, and this may explain some of its anti-cancer effects.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

Atherosclerosis and post-angiography restenosis are associated with intimal thickening and concomitant vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Obovatol, a major biphenolic component isolated from the Magnolia obovata leaf, is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. The goal of the present study was to enhance the inhibitory effects of obovatol to improve its potential as a preventive or therapeutic agent in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) was examined in the presence or absence of a newly synthesized obovatol derivative, OD78. The observed anti-proliferative effect of OD78 was further investigated by cell counting and [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation assays. Treatment with 1-4 ${\mu}M$ OD78 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation and DNA synthesis of 25 ng/ml PDGF-BB-stimulated RASMCs. Accordingly, OD78 blocked PDGF-BB-induced progression from the $G_0/G_1$ to S phase of the cell cycle in synchronized cells. OD78 decreased the expression levels of CDK4, cyclin E, and cyclin D1 proteins, as well as the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen; however, it did not change the CDK2 expression level. In addition, OD78 inhibited downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) $p27^{kip1}$. However, OD78 did not affect the CKI $p21^{cip1}$ or phosphorylation of early PDGF signaling pathway. These results suggest that OD78 may inhibit PDGF-BB-induced RASMC proliferation by perturbing cell cycle progression, potentially through $p27^{kip1}$ pathway activation. Consequently, OD78 may be developed as a potential anti-proliferative agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and angioplasty restenosis.