• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.219-224
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• 2011

Using an electrolyte additive, we examined, for the first time, a novel self-ordering regime of 160~200 V in high-field anodization which had been used for a fast fabrication of self-ordered anodic alumina nanotemplate. FE-SEM analyses conducted after the high-field anodization, pulse detachment and chemical widening of pores showed the relationship of 2.2 nm/V in this voltage range, which was identical to the previously reported one in the literature. The growth rate of the alumina film was about 60 um/hr, which was 30 times faster than that of phosphoric acid mild anodization. This study provides a new process for the fast fabrication of nanotemplates with interpore distances larger than 300 nm.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2001

Two rice cultivars of the japonica type, ozone-resistant Ilpumbyeo (IL) and ozone-susceptible Keu-mobyeo#l (KM) were exposed to ozone ($O_3$) at 0.15 ppm for 30 days. The available nutrient regimes were varied by doubling the supply of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within a basic fertilizer status (N, P, K; 15, 12, 12 kg l0$a^{-1}$). There was little difference on plant height between ozone-treated and nontreated plants. The most significant ozone stress on tiller number was shown on the 30th day of ozone exposure. Slight recovery from ozone stress was noted on the 60th day. On the 30th day, tiller number was greatly decreased by 40.8% in IL and 64.6% in KM, whereas at a high nitrogen supply regime (2N), it was decreased by 21.4% in IL and 42.7% in KM as compared to the control not treated with ozone at basic fertilizer status. The inhibition of tiller production caused by ozone exposure was alleviated on the 60th day. In both cultivars, number of spikelets per plant and weight of 100 grains were affected little by the ozone treatment irrespective of nutrient regime. However, the number of panicles per plant and yield were reduced significantly. In both cultivars, yield of ozone-treated plants with 2N status was 12.4-16.1 % higher than that of the ozone-treated plants with basic nutrient status. A significant yield decrease of 47.8% and 33.4% was observed for IL and KM, respectively, in ozone-treated plants with higher potassium (2K) status.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2010

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are mouth-brooders so that the females holding eggs in their mouth sacrifice their somatic growth for reproduction. For this reason, artificial control of reproduction for the culture of this species has been of interest. Manipulation of photoperiod is an emerging technique for such purpose, but little information is available to establish appropriate photoperiod regime. To obtain necessary basic information, sexually mature females were individually accommodated to glass aquarium, and the spawning activity of these females were monitored for two years under natural photoperiod regime. Female tilapia spawned most frequently on March, April and May when the day length gradually increased from 11 hours to 14 hours and least frequently on September, October, November and December when the day length gradually decreased from 13 hours to less than 10 hours in the first year. The decrease of spawning frequency as day length decreased was also observed in the second year, although the increase of spawning frequency as day length increased was less clear. Spawning of female tilapia was less active when the night was dark due to the disappearance of moonlight (Dark Phase), compared to the Phase of Getting Lighter, Light Phase and Phase of Getting Darker. Results from this study suggest that long day length, particularly increasing phase, is favoured for active spawning of Nile tilapia, and that this species, as a tropical fish species, may utilize changing lunar phases as a secondary environmental cue for reproduction.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.293-304
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• 2018

A numerical study is conducted on the flow characteristics of a rectangular cylinder (chord-to-width ratio C/W = 2 - 10) mounted close to a rigid wall at gap-to-width ratios G/W = 0.25 - 6.25. The effects of G/W and C/W on the Strouhal number, vortex structure, and time-mean drag and lift forces are examined. The results reveal that both G/W and C/W have strong influences on vortex structure, which significantly affects the forces on the cylinder. An increase in G/W leads to four different flow regimes, namely no vortex street flow (G/W < 0.75), single-row vortex street flow ($0.75{\leq}G/W{\leq}1.25$), inverted two-row vortex street flow ($1.25<G/W{\leq}2.5$), and two-row vortex street flow (G/W > 2.5). Both Strouhal number and time-mean drag are more sensitive to C/W than to G/W. For a given G/W, Strouhal number grows with C/W while time-mean drag decays with C/W, the growth and decay being large between C/W = 2 and 4. The time-mean drag is largest in the single-row vortex street regime, contributed by a large pressure on the front surface, regardless of C/W. A higher C/W, in general, leads to a higher time-mean lift. The maximum time-mean lift occurs for C/W = 10 at G/W = 0.75, while the minimum time-mean lift appears for C/W = 2 at the same G/W. The impact of C/W on the time-mean lift is more substantial in single-row vortex regime. The effect of G/W on the time-mean lift is larger at a larger C/W.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-81
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• 2000

Between 1980 and 1997 the Korean textile and clothing industry (KTCI) experienced the transformation of export-led accumulation regime rooted in domestically-derived price competitiveness into the combination between foreign mass production involving the geographical extension of productive forces and quality strategy based on upgrading technology and automation involved in the domestic market for high quality and price products. This restructuring of the KTCI is rooted at the crisis in the export-led growth regime implemented unity 1980 due to the rapid increase in wage levels by the ‘great labour movement’occurred in 1987. In particular, increased wage and collective bargaining realized through labour empowerment led to the crisis in the conjoin between mass production and mass export based on long working hours and low wage structure. The aim of this paper is to explore the transformation of development modes between 1980 and 1997 that can help us in understanding the fundamental reasons for the restructuring of the KTCI. To this end, the paper identifiles the changing accumulation regimes between 1980 and 1997 mediated by wage-labour relations, inter-firm relations and state-film relations, which are insitutional forms of the modes of regulation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.857-864
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• 2012

A linear stability analysis of a diffusion flame with radiation heat loss is performed to identify linearly unstable conditions for the Damk$\ddot{o}$hler number and radiation intensity. We adopt a counterflow diffusion flame with unity Lewis number as a model. Near the kinetic limit extinction regime, the growth rates of disturbances always have real eigenvalues, and a neutral stability condition perfectly falls into the quasi-steady extinction. However, near the radiative limit extinction regime, the eigenvalues are complex, which implies pulsating instability. A stable limit cycle occurs when the temperatures of the pulsating flame exceed the maximum temperature of the steady-state flame with real positive eigenvalues. If the instantaneous temperature of the pulsating flame is below the maximum temperature, the flame cannot recover and goes to extinction. The neutral stability curve of the radiation-induced instability is plotted over a broad range of radiation intensities.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.49
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• pp.249-274
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• 2017

The indigenous movement in Ecuador, which has been one of the most successful social movements since the 1980s, has been declining since the 2000s. The rapid disintegration and weakening of the indigenous movement with the emergence of the Correa regime is closely related to the geopolitical realities of Ecuador. This study examines the Pachakutik, an independent political organization, as the reason behind the movement's weakened political power and crisis that was experienced under the Correa regime since the 2000s. Until the early 2000s, the indigenous movement exercised considerable political power through CONAIE. CONAIE formed the Pachakutik, in order to resolve their issues politically through elections. Despite the successes of the 1990s, the electoral strategy since the 2000s led to eventual fragmentation and decline of the indigenous movement. Therefore, the impact of Pachakutik on the growth and decline of the indigenous movement has important implications for the future. The need for expansion through intercultural discourses and strategies rather than electoral strategies cannot be overstated. In other words, new approaches are needed to sustain the indigenous movement.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.173-218
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• 2009

Bring this analysis down to people-centered development perspective and looking through democratization in the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, we find similarities and differences among them related with the intensity of conflicts between development and human rights in the process of democratization in line with global transformation. Civil society in the Philippines criticized the developmental path in the Philippines which failed to implement land reform and eradication of poverty under the transition from 'patrimonial oligarchy' to democracy. In Thailand the coalition of military and the royalists had consolidated its power since Sarit military regime, which later paved the way 'hybrid oligarchy' era. Most Thai civil society organizations has regarded their developmental experience rather as 'maldevelopment' which disregarded economic and social rights. It has been especially believed by Thai localists that the stimulation of local markets and the building of autonomic community society will form the alternative economy without going against the conservative banner of nation, religion and king. Thaksin as a populist successfully took advantage of Thai localist ethos in favour of taking the seat of power. He projected himself as a modernizer focused on economic growth and cleaner politics. However Thaksin's procedural legitimacy was overthrown by counterattacking from military-royalist alliance, pretexting that Thaksin caused internal conflicts and lacked morality. Soeharto's New Order regime which can be called 'administrative oligarchy' had an antipathy towards notions of economic and social rights as well as civil and political rights. In spite of the fact that the fall of Soeharto opened the political space for democratic civil society organizations which had long struggled with development aggression and human rights abuses, there have been continuously a strong political and military reaction against human rights activists, NGOs and ethnic minorities such as Aceh and Papua. Nevertheless, Indonesian democracy is more promising than Philippine's and Thai democracy in terms of comparatively less pre-modern legacies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.178-186
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• 2024

While in high-income countries the development of digital technology began in the 1970s, in low- and middle-income countries it began in the 1990s and even after 2005, due to the political regime that constrained economic development and innovation. At the same time, there are no studies of the relationship between technological development and structural changes through innovation in low- and middle-income countries. The article aims to quantify the relationship of the introduction of digital technologies on innovation, structural transformation of low- and middle-income economies. The industrial-agrarian economy of Uzbekistan with an authoritarian regime is in a state of transition to a market economy, while in Ukraine, there are active processes of Europeanization and integration into the EU. Ukraine's economy is commodity-based (the export of raw materials of industries and the agricultural sector in developed countries predominates) and industrial-agrarian. Digital technologies and the service sector are little developed in Uzbekistan. On the other hand, Ukraine has a more developed ICT sector. Uzbekistan is gradually undergoing an innovative and structural transformation of the economy: the productivity of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors is growing, but the ICT sector is virtually undeveloped. In comparison, in Ukraine, there are no significant structural transformations due to a significant drop in productivity of the industrial sector, with stable growth of productivity of the agricultural sector due to technology and a slight increase in productivity of the service sector. It is revealed that Ukraine and Uzbekistan have undergone structural transformations of the economy in favor of the service sector, while the agricultural and industrial sectors produce less and less. If Uzbekistan remains the industrial-agrarian country with an aggregate share of the added value of these sectors 59% in 2019, Ukraine transits to the post-industrial type of economy where the added value of the service sector in GDP grows (55% compared to agrarian and industrial sectors at 42%).

• ALGAE
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2003

Seasonal growth and maturation process of Caulerpa okamurae were investigated in natural populations and in culture. Monthly sampling was carried out by SCUBA diving at Baekunpo, Busan, southeastern coast of Korea from November 1999 to October 2001. Growth of erect branches depended mainly on the water temperature in the natural habitat. Maximum length of erect branches was 14.0 $\pm$ 1.4 cm in June 2001 when the water temperature was 19.7$^{\circ}C$ and minimum was 2.8$\pm$0.2 cm in April when the water temperature was 14.7$^{\circ}C$. Fresh weight of erect branches was 3.9 $\pm$ 0.5 g in June 2001 and 0.2 $\pm$ 0.04 g in September 2000. Biomass of the population was maximum of 922.5 g dw${\cdot}m^{-2}$ in July and minimum of 125.6 g dw${\cdot}m^{-2}$ in April. Gametangial network was observed on the ramuli when the water temperature was over 19$^{\circ}C$ in August 2000 and June 2001. In the culture regime of 4 temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30$^{\circ}C$) and 3 irradiances (20, 50 and 80 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) combination, the maturation of excised erect branches was mainly affected by temperature. Maturation was induced under all irradiance conditions at 20 and 25$^{\circ}C$; under 80 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at 15$^{\circ}C$; and under 20 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at 30$^{\circ}C$. The highest rate of maturation was 64% under 20 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ at 25$^{\circ}C$. These results suggested that developmental initiations of C. okamurae occurred at higher than 13$^{\circ}C$ and maturation took about 270 degree-days.