• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

The study was designed to observe the correlation between the eating habits and growth development in 1,574 children (3-6 years old) in Kyunggi-do and Seoul, Korea. The eating habits and nutrient intake were determined by mini dietary assessment and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). 35.6% children had been practicing an unbalanced diets. Children with unbalanced diet consumed less amount of protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, soy products), vegetables and fruits and had irregular meal time, but more of them preferred sweet foods (ice creme, cookies) and carbonated drinks as snack compared with children in balanced diet. 24-35% children consumed energy, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), Niacin, Zinc (Zn) less than 75% RDA. Energy intake of children with unbalanced diet was not significantly different from those with balanced diet, but they consumed less amount of niacin, Fe, Ca and Zn than those with balanced diet. By using the relative percentage of standard weight-length-index (WLI), 65.7% children was normal weight, 12.9% was underweight, 13.4% was overweight and 7.9% was obese. However, 11.9% of underweight and normal weight children was so called thin obese since their body fat content was greater than 20%. There were 16.8% underweight in children with unbalanced diet and 12.6% underweight in those with balanced diet. Compared to normal weight, the underweight children significantly consumed less amount of milk and its product, high protein foods, fried foods and fruits, but obese children consumed more high protein source foods (meat, fish, egg, etc) and sweet foods. In conclusion, the eating habits of unbalanced meal was prevalent problem in preschool children which resulting in their health risks. Therefore, it would be needed that new approach for nutrition education to improve eating habits in preschoolers.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2013

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the genes encoding transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ receptor type 1 or 2. It is typically characterized by a triad of hypertelorism, cleft palate or bifid uvula, and arterial tortuosity with aneurysm or dissection. Characteristic vascular abnormalities such as tortuosity, aneurysms, dissections, and stenosis are the most severe complications of LDS and can occur in the neurovascular system. We report a 5-year-old boy who presented with headaches and neurovascular abnormalities and was diagnosed with LDS with a novel mutation of the TGFBR1 gene. It is the first Korean report of neurovascular abnormalities in LDS.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.227-238
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• 2010

저신장이란 같은 연령 및 성별 소아들의 표준 신장 평균치에서 -2.0 SD 이하인 경우를 말한다. 본 연구의 목적은 저신장 소아의 두개안면골격의 특성을 분석하고, 성장호르몬 치료가 신장을 성장시킴과 동시에 두개안면골격에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보고자 함이다. 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 소아청소년과에서 저신장으로 진단받은 소아를 대상으로 성장 호르몬 치료 전 그리고 치료 후 1년, 2년 후 총 3회 측모 두부 방사선 규격 사진의 촬영을 시행하였다. 대조군은 경북대학교 치의학전문대학원 교정과에 소장된 한국인 평균 신장의 2 표준오차 내의 아동들을 대상으로 측모 두부 방사선 규격사진을 2년마다 10년간 촬영한 자료를 이용하여 저신장 소아의 연령과 성별을 기준으로 짝진 표집(paired sampling)을 하였다. 성장 호르몬 치료 전 저신장 소아는 작고 후퇴된 하악골과 편평한 두개저를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 성장 호르몬 치료 후 anterior, posterior cranial base length, upper posterior facial height, lower anterior facial height, posterior total facial height, mandibular ramus length, mandibular corpus length와 overall mandibular length 성장량이 정상군에서의 2년 성장량과 비교했을 때 유의하게 큰 것으로 나타났으며 각도 계측에서는 saddle angle, mandibular plane angle과 ANB변화량이 정상군에서의 2년 성장량과 비교했을 때 큰 변화를 보이며 정상군의 평균치를 따라잡는 경향을 보였다. 성장 호르몬 치료는 불균형적인 성장의 징후 없이 정상화를 향한 성장(따라잡기 성장)을 나타내었으며 이는 특히 하악과두의 성장과 후안면고경의 성장을 촉진시켜 저신장 소아의 convex한 profile을 완화하는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.596-608
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• 1996

For design of early childhood children's footwear, this study was to analyze the properties of their foot. This study was performed in 200 male and 200 female early childhood children from 3 and 6 years old lived in susan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot and calculated 4 indexs for analysis. The result was as follows; 1 The growth rate differs from the sites of a foot. According to the growth of age, early childhood children's foot are more slender. 2. The average of foot print angle is $15~27^{\circ}$ and it is flat. Among the age groups, the numbers of 4 kinds of foot print angle are different siginificantly. 3. The average of metatarso phalanx angle is $174~178^{\circ}$ that is higher than adults'. 4. There are no significant difference between male children's foot and female childen's one except tarsal circumference and tarsal height. Tarsal part of male children is higher and ticket than female children's. 5. Because some of 3~6 age groups belong to the one foot length group, we should consider the age properties of foot in order to design footwears. When the size of footwear is divided by only foot length, the ranges of another measurements are larger than the range of foot length.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to estimate the nutrient intake, dietary habits, and body indices among preschool children. The study subjects were 166 kindergarten children, aged 4 to 6 years. A measurement of the weight, height, chest circumference, and head circumference of the children was conducted. The general home environment and factors related to the eating habits of children were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, outdoor playing time, television watching, family income, and parents education and occupations. Underweight, overweight were defined based on a value of less than 110 and more than 140 on the Rohrer Index, or less than 90 and more than 120 on the weight-length index (WLI). The average Rohrer and WLI for the preschool children were 14.3 $\pm$ 23.2% and 104 $\pm$ 13.5%. Using the WLI, 12.7% of the preschool children were underweight 62.6% were normal, and 24.7% were overweight or obese. On the Rohrer Index, 32.0% of the preschool children were underweight, 34.7% were normal, and 34.1% were overweight or obese. With regard to frequency of regularity of eating breakfast, 2.5% of preschool children skipped breakfast every morning. The risk of being overweight increased in preschool children who had faster eating times. The Rohrer and WLI were negatively related to faster eating times. The average daily energy intake was 1272 Kcal, which corresponded to 79.5% of the Korean RDA. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin B$_2$ were much lower than the Korean RDAs for each of those nutrients. Children whose mothers had occupations were at greater risk of decreased nutrient intake than those whose mothers were at home. The data presented in this study confirm that, in preschool children, undernutrition remains the nutritional problem of great concern in Korea, even though Koreans are starting to have worrisome rates of overweight. Therefore, during the early years of life, focus should remain on sustaining Proper growth and development.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.95-110
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to analyze how appropriately the sizing of domestically produced children's wear compares to children's sizes; it is based on an anthropometric survey conducted in 1998. By discovering and understanding discrepancies between the sizing system of children s wear and the real size of children, this study aims to suggest solutions that will lead to increased comfort and more suitable fitting in children's clothes. This research analyzes and compares 'the extent of growth between age groups' with 'the difference in sizing system in use by manufacturers'. The study focused on aged 4 to 12 children, who are usually divided in two groups; primary students and toddlers. In total, seven sizes were selected: bust, waist, and hip (which are girth sizes), and height, back neck to waist (top length), sleeve length, and waist to ankle (slacks length) as representing length. The results of this research are analyzed by basing on the actual increments between the sizes of children's wear in certain basic items rather than sizes themselves because each size quite differed according to companies, items and designs. Significantly, the increase in the sizing was not as great as the average biennial growth rate of children. The consequences are poorer fit and unsuitable representative value for each age group because the actual sizes of children increasingly differ from the sample size. Observing the increments in several sizes, we found that 81.8% of the companies used the certain and equal increases for grading sizes in sleeve length, waist, and bust. In addition, 72.7% of the companies adopted the same increments between sizes in height and hip girth, and 63.6% also chose equal increments in T-shirt length for making smaller or bigger sizes from the sample size. However, sleeve length and pant length were the components that displayed the most varied sizing. Interestingly, the few companies that used different increments between size groups, adopted the change only between one or two size groups, instead of all sizes. In conclusion, this research reveals the unsuitability of the current sizing system and the necessity to increase consumer confidence in the size tags on children's wear by modifying the system to reflect the actual growth of children. The results can also contribute to future study on the development of a new and more accurate sizing system for children's wear.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 1999

For the purpose of investigating the factor of foot and calf growth of primary-school children who are fastgrowing during this period, a group of the 1st graders of primary-school had been the subject of this measurement in 1995 and thereafter they became the subject again in 1997 when they were the 3rd graders. Measurement was carried out in 30 items including height and weight and marthin-type measurer and Footprint were used for this measurement. As the result, in the part of calf, the measuring items of maximum calf circumference and knee circumference, and in the part of foot, the items of instep circumference, heel circumference, instep circumference, measured angle of big toe showed the highest growth. The average growth of length for 2 years appeared about 2cm and the parts of instep circumference, heel circumference had rapidly grown rather than in the part of foot circumference. Height growth of the part of toe was about 0.1 and in the factor analysis of foot measurement of 8-year and 10-year and children, the following findings appeared in both cases that height was related with the items of calf height and foot length and weight was related with calf circumference and breadth, foot circumference items.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2015

Growth hormone (GH) treatment has been increasingly widely used for children with GH deficiencies as the survival rate of pediatric patients with malignancies has increased. Both GH and insulin-like growth factor-I have mitogenic and antiapoptotic activity, prompting concern that GH treatment may be associated with tumor development. In this review, the authors examined the relationship between GH treatment and cancer risk in terms of de novo malignancy, recurrence, and secondary neoplasm. Although the results from numerous studies were not entirely consistent, this review of various clinical and epidemiological studies demonstrated that there is no clear evidence of a causal relationship between GH treatment and tumor development. Nonetheless, a small number of studies reported that childhood cancer survivors who receive GH treatment have a small increased risk of developing de novo cancer and secondary malignant neoplasm. Therefore, regular follow-ups and careful examination for development of cancer should be required in children who receive GH treatment. Continued surveillance for an extended period is essential for monitoring long-term safety.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the correlation among growth development, bone mineral density, and nutrient intakes in preschool children. A total of 62 preschool children measured the anthropometric characteristics and the bone mineral density of carpus using DEXA. The questionnaires categorized to determine health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes were filled out by children's mothers. The average ages of the study subjects were 62.4 months in boys and 62.1 months in girls. The birth height and weight of the subjects were 50.9 cm and 3.4 kg in boys and 50.3 cm and 3.3 kg in girls, respectively. The average height, weight, % body fat, and obesity index were 111.7 cm, 19.6 kg, 15.0%, -2.1% in boys and 109.4 cm, 18.7 kg, 17.5%, 0.2% in girls, respectively. The bone mineral density in carpus was 0.25 g/cm$^2$ in boys and 0.24 g/cm$^2$. In girls. Proportions of children having regular meals were 69.0%, 94.7%, and 69.0% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. The major reasons for irregular meal were poor appetite and lack of time for breakfast and snacks for dinner. Most of the children(52.6%) had breakfast with the whole family together, and all the children had lunch and dinner with a part of the family. Most of the children answered they had snack more than once a day, and 64.3% had an unbalanced diet. The intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, niacin, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean RDAs. Average bone mineral density in carpus was positively correlated to the body weight, the total body water, the lean body mass, and the obesity index, respectively(p＜0.01, p＜0.01, p＜0.01 and p＜0.01). The body weight, the total body water, and the lean body mass showed the significant negative correlations with the animal iron intake(p＜0.05, p＜0.01 and p＜0.01). The bone mineral density in the distal carpus was negatively correlated to the animal protein intake and the animal iron intake(p＜0.05 and p＜0.05). And the bone mineral density in the ultradis carpus and the average bone mineral density in the carpus were positively correlated to the plant calcium intake(p＜0.05 and p＜0.05). Therefore, more systematic studies to investigate the roles of protein, iron, and calcium in growth development of preschool children were required.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional and physical status of children, aged 11 and 12 years, living in Haenam Koon (living at home) and in Mokpo City (living in an orphan asylum) located in Chonnam during the period of August 2 nd to 9 th in 1984. The mean values of height, chestgirth, arm circumference and head circumference between both groups of living in the rural area and in the city orphan asylum were not statistically different and similar to Korean Growth Standard. Exceptionally, the values of height and weight of male living at home in the rural area were lower than Korean Growth Standard (p<0.01). The weight of male living in the city orphan asylum was higher han that of male living at home in the rural area (p<0.01), and the skin fold thickness of female living at home was higher than that of male living at home (p <0.01). The physical indices of children living in the city orphan asylum were more or less higher than those of living at home in the rural area, but the relative weight of male was only significant (p<0.05). The animal protein intake was $8.4{\sim}8.6%$ of total food intake of living at home in the rural area and 6.2% in living in the city orphan asylum. The intake of legumes of children living in the city orphan asylum was more two times than that of living at home in the rural area, but overall fruit intake of living at home was more about two times than that of living in the city orphan asylum. The average intake of all nutrients except thiamine and niacin was lower than RDA. Especially the calcium intake of children in both groups was the lowest of all nutrients ($28.9{\sim}40.6%$ of RDA). Children living at home in the rural area had significantly higher intake of fat and ascorbic acid than children living in the city orphan asylum (p<0.01).