• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.230-243
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyse the body sizes of $7{\sim}12$ years elementary school girls and also to categorize KS size dimensions by the detailed information of ages and body shapes. For the study, the data of SizeKorea(2004) was analysed. Height, bust, waist, hip, the ratio of waist to height and hip to height were significant between age groups, but the ratio of bust to height was not. Therefore, the increase of bust size was resulted in growth of bust circumference, instead of bust volume. In the same height group, over 11 year girls had smaller waist, while over 12 year girls had bigger hip. For Grouping girls by ages and body shapes, the ages were divided into 2 groups, under 10 years old and 11 to 12 years old. The body shapes classified into 3 groups 'Stout-shape', 'Middle-shape', and 'slim-shape', by the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. 'Stout-shape' was significantly big at the almost sizes, but 'Middle-shape' was significantly big at only circumferences, not lengths. In addition, drop(the difference between bust and hip) and lower-drop(the difference between waist and hip) were in inverse proportion to the ratios of bust to height and hip to height. It meant the increases of bust-ratio and hip-ratio of 'Stout-shape' were resulted in overweight, rather than female matureness. The distribution of sizes over 0.5% were grouped for grading system and the subtotal percentiles of each group were calculated for industrial data. The groups which covered more than 10% of consumers were 2 to 6 and the 1 or 2 groups for 'Stout-shape' were also observed, so that children's ready-to wear companies could use them efficiently for their own consumer target.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 1992

The intestinal microflora of humans is an extraordinarily complex mixture of microorganisms, the majority of which are anaerobic microorganisms. The distribution of amylolytic microorganisms in the human large intestinal tract was investigated in various individuals of differing ages using anaerobic culture techniques. A large percentage of the amylolytic microorganisms present belonged to the Genus Bifidobacteria. The number of Bifidobacteria increased significantly at two years of age. Adults and children above 2 years old carried about $0.8{\times}10^9-2.0{\times}10^{10}$ colony forming units (CFU/gram) of amylolytic Bifidobacteria. Among these amylolytic Bifidobacteria, Int-57 was chosen for further studies. Between 65% and 85% of the amylase produced was secreted and the remaining amylase was bound to the cell wall facing the outside. Amylase production could be induced by starch in a stable form. When cells were grown on maltose or glucose, amylase production was much lower than on starch and amylase activity disappeared after 24 hours growth on these media. Partially purified enzymes showed optimum activity at a temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ and at an optimum pH of 5.5, respectively. Heat treatment at $70^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes almost completely inactivated amylase. The hydrolysis products of starch were mainly maltose and maltotriose. Soluble starch, amylose, amylopectin, and $\gamma$-cyclodextrin($\gamma$-CD) were easily hydrolyzed. The rate of hydrolysis of $\alpha$-CD and $\beta$-CD was slower than that of $\gamma$-CD. Carboxymethyl cellulose, $\beta$-1, 3-glucan and inulin were not hydrolyzed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.58-66
• /
• 2008

Untreated cryptorchidism contributes to infertility and may play a role in increasing the risk of malignancy. The appropriate time of operation was considered before school age in 1970s, 2 years of age in 1980s, and between 1 and 2 years of age from 1990s to present time. Orchiopexy is the most common operation for congenital urological problem of children. We analyze our experience of orchiopexies to evaluate the results and to identify the role of the pediatric surgeon. We reviewed the medical records of 91 patients who underwent orchiopexy from January 1996 to December 2007. The patient age at orchiopexy were as follows: 48 cases (52.7 %) under 2 years of age, 24 cases (26.4 %) between 3 and 5 years, 16 cases (17.6 %) between 6 and 10 years, and 3 cases (3.3 %) over 11 years. Location of testes was preperitoneum in all 91 cases. There were 84 unilateral and 7 bilateral cases. Among the unilateral cases, the undescended testes were on right side in 54 cases and on the left side in 30 cases. The surgical procedure employed in all cases was trans-inguinal orchiopexies. Seventy-nine patients had excellent results. There were 12 complications; 5 cases of wound infection and 7 cases of temporary incomplete descent. Seven cases of incomplete descent have become normal from 3 to 6 months after orchiopexy. According to our results, 43 cases (47.3 %) underwent orchiopexies over 2 years of age. In conclusion, orchiopexies were successful in most cases of cryptorchidism in terms of testicular position and growth. We suggest that pediatric surgeons should educate their primary care physicians and parents concerning the potential complications of cryptorchidism and the appropriate time of operation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.531-535
• /
• 2016

Phlomis umbrosa and Dipsacus asperoides are distinct species, even though they have a similar appearance. Dipsacus asperoides is used as a Chinese medicinal plant for and has bone strengthening and fracture healing but Phlomis umbrosa has no effect on bone growth. Recently, these plants were used in children's food to improve their bone growth, without distinction in food. Intakes of Dipsacus asperoides in food may be dangerous, because it has never been used in food and its safety has never been tested in humans. We developed liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to distinguish these plants in food. The method was validated for linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, accuracy and precision. In 5 of 17 samples, we identified Dipsacus asperoides, containing loganin $0.19-14.45{\mu}g/mL$, sweroside $0.13-4.61{\mu}g/mL$ and akebia saponin D $0.59-19.29{\mu}g/mL$. The developed method might be useful to identify Dipsacus asperoides in adulterated food.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.636-643
• /
• 1999

Ectodermal dysplasia is a genetic birth defect in which at least abnormally develop two structures derived from the ectoderm. It is usually inherited in autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern. Oral manifestations are oligodontia, anodontia, dysmorphic teeth(conical shape), decreased occlusal vertical dimension and alveolar bone. Extraoral signs may include decreased or absent sweat glands, sparse and fine hair, saddle nose, hearing loss and decreased production of body fluids including saliva. Most affected children require extensive dental treatment to restore their appearance and help the development of a positive self image. The patient's overclosed profile was due to a decreased vertical dimension. The use of overdenture is to preserve erupted teeth, to accomodate the newly constructed occlusal plane, to improve retention and stability of denture and to maintain the remaining alveolar bone. The restoration of vertical dimension improved the child's speech, swallowing, and eating. Growth continue until the age of approximately 18. As child grows, replacement dentures will have to be fabricated primarily to accomodate increasing vertical dimension and changing dentition. Implants may be indicated later if the alveolar bone is adequate. Periodic recall visits are advised, to monitor the dentures during periods of growth and development, and eruption of the permanent teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
• /
• no.56
• /
• pp.101-132
• /
• 2016

Fandom is a meaningful social phenomenon that represents a significant dimension of contemporary Korean youth culture. Previous research, however, has considered fandom as a deviant activity that is negative in nature, and there is scant research on the positive effects of fandom activity. This study examined the effects of off-line and on-line fandom activity participation on adolescents' academic time management capability. Data were collected from three waves (2010, 2012, and 2014) of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (middle school cohort; N=2,206 at baseline). Results from the multi-level growth curve analysis were as follows. First, more than half of the adolescents reported participating in fandom activities, and the majority of them participated in both online and offline activities. Second, adolescents' academic time management capability improved over time. Third, both off-line and on-line fandom activity participation was positively associated with adolescents' academic time management capability at the baseline (first year of middle school). The size of this relationship, however, decreased over time (from middle school to high school). This study presented the importance of appropriate guidance by adults to develop and promote the positive aspects of fandom activity, and highlighted the need for further research that focuses on the positive aspects of fandom activities.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2014

Znf45l, containing classical $C_2H_2$ domains, is a novel member of Zinc finger proteins in zebrafish. In vertebrates, TGF-${\beta}$ signaling plays a critical role in hematopoiesis. Here, we showed that Znf45l is expressed both maternally and zygotically throughout early development. Znf45l-depleted Zebrafish embryos display shorter tails and necrosis with reduced expression of hematopoietic maker genes. Furthermore, we revealed that znf45l locates downstream of TGF-${\beta}$ ligands and maintains normal level of TGF-${\beta}$ receptor type II phosphorylation. In brief, our results indicate that znf45l affects initial hematopoietic development through regulation of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.35-51
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this study is to establish family life cycle of farm and to analyze changes of economic conditions-income, consumption expenditures, savings, assets, and debts-in farm household according to the family life cycle. Income, consumption expenditures, savings, assets, and debts functions are also estimated by age of household head. The data of Farm Household Economy Survey which was conducted in 1983 by Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is used in this study. Among total data of 2000, 1603 are analyzed for mean, percentage, and regression using CRISP Program at Office of Rural Development. The results of study can be summarized as follows; 1) Eight stages of family life cycle of farm are established according to the growth of the first child. They are: Establishment stage, Child bearing and preschool stage, Elementary school stage, Middle and high school stage, College and vocational adjustment stage, Period of children's marriage, Re-adjustment stage, and isorganizing stage. 2) The economic conditions of farm household are significantly fluctuated by family life cycle. Among the eight stages, stage Ⅱ is considered relatively comfortable living period and stage Ⅲ, Ⅳ are the most difficult periods of farm household economy. 3) The estimated functions of income, consumption expenditures, savings, assets, and debts by age of household head are as follows; Y(income) = 2, 354, 832+98,456T-1,036T2(F=11.746) C(consumption expenditures) = 81,876+154,976T-1,552T2 (F=37.272) S(savings) = 2,272,956+56,511T+516T2(F=4.262) D(debts) = 903,929+28,300T-438T2(F=3.339) A(assets) = 200,816+1,213,336T-12,930T2(F=21.069) To carry on a reasonable farm household management, a suitable measure to cope with the desire of family and the economic conditions of farm household should be prepared.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.60-65
• /
• 2014

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis. This mutation encodes 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), which is located on chromosome 11q13. It is characterized by typical facial appearances, microcephaly, small up-turned nose, cleft palate, syndactyly, and is correlated with cardiac, gastrointestinal and genital malformations. There may also be mental retardation, behavioral problems and growth retardation. It causes a broad spectrum of effects, ranging from a mild disorder of learning and behavior to a lethal malformation. There are four reports of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome in Korean children. Here, we describe a two months old female with microcephaly, toe syndactyly and a cleft soft palate who was diagnosed as SLOS with c. 1054 C>T (p.R352W) and c.907G>A (p. G303R) mutations.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.1541-1545
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the antioxidant activity in the germ cells of the extract of Corm fructus. The extract was studied for diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, GC-1 cell viability by a modified MTT assay, the effects on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity by MTT assay and lipid perixidation by malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, respectively. The results showed that the extract scavenged DPPH radical with the IC50 being $200{\mu}g/mL$. The extract at concentrations of $10-500{\mu}g/ml$ showed dose-dependent in growth of GC-1 cell. $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity (63.0%) was blocked by the extract (10, 50, 100, 250 and $500{\mu}g/ml$) concentration-dependently. Furthermore, the extract (50, 100 and $250{\mu}g/ml$) also displayed a dose-dependent reduction of MDA formation on $H_2O_2$-induced lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, the extract of Corm fructus has potent antioxidant activity.