• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2005

Dental plaque is a film of microorganisms on the tooth surface that plays an important part in the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is present in almost all types of dental plaque. Teeth and their supporting structure, the gums (gingiva) are subjected to infection by S. mutans that causes cavities and pyorrhea which, if left untreated, can eventually lead to gingivitis. Various chemical agents have been evaluated over the years with respect to their antimicrobial effects in the oral cavity; however, all are associated with side effects that prohibit regular long-term use. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Aralia continentalis (Araliaceae) extracts on the growth, acid production, adhesion, and insoluble glucan synthesis of S. mutans. The methanol extract of A. continentalis showed concentration dependent inhibitory activity against the growth and acid production of S. mutans, and produced significant inhibition at the concentration of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/ml compared to the control group. The extracts markedly inhibited S. mutans adherence to HA treated with saliva, and cell adherence was repressed by more than 60% at the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml and complete inhibition was observed at the concentration of 4 mg/ml. On the activity of glucosyltransferase which synthesizes water insoluble glucan from sucrose, methanol extract of A. continentalis showed more than 10% inhibition over the concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The synthesis of insoluble glucan was decreased in the presence of 0.25 - 4 mg/ml of the methanol extract of A. continentalis. Hence, we conclude that A. continentalis might be a candidate of anticaries agent.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

The maintenance of good oral health in adults is often hindered by oral malodor and periodontal diseases which are known to be commonly caused by some species of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, with low sensitivity to common synthetic antibiotics or antibacterial chemical agents. Therefore the development of a nonharmful natural antibacterial oral rinsing remedy against the causative bacteria is thought to be very important. The purpose of this study is to obtain the basic data for development of a nonharmful natural antibacterial oral rinsing remedy using colloidal silver. The author applied colloidal silver solution with concentration of 10, 30, 50, 80 ppm to some strains in species of Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobaterium nucleatum, and evaluated the effects of colloidal silver on the growth of experimental bacterial strains in aspects of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and growth pattern after incubation for 24, 48, 72 hours. The obtained results were as follows: MIC of colloidal silver solution against experimental strains was 30 ppm in P. intermedia, 10 or 30 ppm in P. gingivalis, and 30, 50, or 80 ppm in F. nucleatum. And MBC of colloidal silver solution against experimental strains was 30 ppm in P. intermedia, 30 or 50 ppm in P. gingivalis, 30 or 80 ppm in F. nucleatum. Therefore it was concluded that colloidal silver exhibited bacteriostatic or/and bacteriocidal effects against some experimental strain. And the inhibition of growth of experimental strains were markedly or considerably exhibited under 30 ppm$\sim$50 ppm of colloidal silver solution for 48 hours$\sim$72 hours in P. intermedia, 10 ppm$\sim$30 ppm for 24 hours$\sim$48 hours in P. gingivalis, 30 ppm for 24 hours in F. nucleatum. These results indicate that the colloidal silver inhibited effectively the growth of some species of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria by exhibition of bacteriostatic or/and bacteriocidal effects, and can be used as a possible major ingredient of the nonharmful natural antibacterial oral rinsing remedy to oral malodor and periodontal diseases.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.45-50
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• 2000

For the maximum production of pullulan from glucose as a carbon source, the effects of glucose concentration, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration on the cell growth and mass production of high-molecular weight pullulan by A. pullulans ATCC 42023 were evaluated. A. pullulans showed optimum pullulan productivity when glucose concentration was 0.3M (54g/L). And inhibitory effects on the cell growth and the pullulan production were observed at the glucose concentration higher than 0.3M (54g/L). The influence of pH control and dissolved oxygen on the pullulan production and growth of A. pullulans was studied. In shake-flasks, maximum pullulan production was obtained with $11.98g/{\ell}$ when initial pH was 6.5. In the batch fermentation, the maximum pullulan production of $13.31g/{\ell}$ was obtained with constant pH 4.5. And it was found that pullulan yield and synthesis rate increased with oxygen availability. For the production of commercially useful pullulan with high-molecular weight, a mixed carbon source, which was a mixture of glucose and glucosamine, was used for the pullulan fermentation with A. pullulans. On the basis of 5% mixed carbon source, culture with 3% glucosamine with 2% glucose was optimum condition for the production of high (M.W.> 1,000,000) and medium (M.W.> 200,000) molecular weight pullulan with considerable yields of cell mass and product. And the influence of pH control on the molecular weight of pullulan was studied in batch fermentation. It was found that the productivity of high-molecular weight pullulan with pH control at 6.5 was higher than that with no pH control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2014

Rooting agents and shading treatments were tested in two different experiments to determine their effects on the establishment success of hardwood cuttings of three highbush blueberry varieties 'Bluecrop', 'Duke' and 'Sunrise'. For the experiment with rooting agents, one-cm long bases of the cuttings were dipped into solutions of IBA or NAA for 5 s, both at 0, 500 and $1000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in 50% ethanol, and were also treated with Rootone$^{(R)}$ powder. Determined 90 days after cutting, the percent rooting and root weight were increased by NAA at $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in 'Bluecrop' and 'Sunrise', while in 'Duke' IBA at $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was effective. These auxin treatments were found to work better than a commercial product Rootone$^{(R)}$. The rooting agent-induced increases in root development resulted in better shoot growth of the cuttings in all three varieties, as determined after 90 days of further growth in individual containers. In the experiment with shading treatments, different levels of the shading treatment (30 to 90%) were imposed over the cutting bed under no mist. In all three varieties, 30% shading increased the percent rooting and root and shoot growth, compared to no shading control. However, shading levels higher than 50% shading were found to be inhibitory for hardwood cuttings of highbush blueberries, especially under the environmental conditions with no mist system.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.582-588
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effects of food materials toward the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium perfringens which have great influences on the intestinal physiology of human, 162 kinds of foodstuffs and foods were collected. Among their extracts, 31 samples showed the inhibitory effects against the growth of B. bifidum and C. perfringens by agar diffusion method. Especially, the methanol extracts of Caltha palustris, Deonjang, onion, mustard and potato inhibited the growth of C. perfringens, while they did not remarkably inhibit other intestinal bacteria including Bifidobacterium spp. By the cultivation of faecal inoculum in the 1 %(v/v) extract broths of Caltha palustris, onion and mustard, population of Bifidobacterium spp. increased by 10 order and that of C. perfringens decreased. ${\beta}$-glucuronidase activities and indole amounts in the cultures of onion and mustard extracts were lower than those of the control culture and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activities were not detected in the cultures of onion and Doenjang extracts.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.555-564
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to investigate the preference of root vegetables and the inhibitory effect of the vegetables on harmful enzymes of intestinal bacteria. Two hundred fifty respondents in Seoul area surveyed to obtain information from Sep. 30 to Oct. 30, 1998. Respondents preferred Inpuomoea batatas (sweet potato, 4.05), Solanum tuberosum(potato, 3.97), Allium cepa(onion, 3.68), Codonopsis lanceolata(3.64) and Raponus sativus(redish, 3.60). The growth of B. breve K-110 was effectively increased by adding 0.5% extract of Solanum tuberosum(139%), Codonopsis lamceolate(145%), Dioscorea japonica(164%), Colocisia antiquorum(144%) extract to the medium. B. breve K-100 for beneficial bacteria, and E. coli HGU-3 or Bacteroides JY-6 for harmful bacteria were used to determine the inhibitory effect of root vegetables on harmful intestinal enzymes after co-culturing harmful and beneficial bacteria. The extract of Solanum tuberosum, Codonopsis lanceolata, Dioscorea japonica (yam) and Colocisia antiquorum (taroes) showed inhibitory effect on ${\beta}$-glucuronidase and tryptophanase of intestinal bacteria. The macromolecules were isolated from Solanum tuberosum, Codonopsis lanceolata, Dioscorea japonica and Colocisia antiquorum by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. By adding these isolated marcromolecules to the medium, the growth of B. breve K-100 were also increased and high inhibitory effects on the ${\beta}$-glucuronidase and tryptophanase were measured. These results suggested that the harmful enzymes of intestinal bacteria were inhibited by consuming Solanum tuberosum, Codonopsis lanceolata, Dioscorea japonica and Colocisia antiquorum. Therefore, they could prevent gastrointestinal diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 1999

The enzyme steroid $5{\alpha}-reductase$ is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into the most potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In man, this steroid acts on a variety of androgen-responsive target tissues to mediate such diverse endocrine processes as male sexual differentiation in the fetus and prostatic growth in men. Androgen levels in the prostate may influence carcinogenesis in this organ. The use of a $5{\alpha}-reductase$ inhibitor, finasteride, in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer is being evaluated in a clinical trial and have been used successfully for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Therefore, for the discovery of $5{\alpha}-reductase$ type 2 inhibitors, we have evaluated the inhibitory effects of solvent fractionated extracts of natural products on $5{\alpha}-reductase$ type 2 activity. We have tested approximately 80 kinds of natural products after partition into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous layers from 100% methanol extracts of plants. The ethyl acetate fractions of Perilla sikokiana $(seed,\;IC_{50}\;:\;6.2\;ug/ml)$, Sophora flavescens $(root,\;IC_{50}\;:\;8.9\;ug/ml)$, and Angelica tenuissima $(root,\;IC_{50}\;:\;11.7\;ug/ml)$ revealed inhibitory effects on $5{\alpha}-reductase$ 2 activity in LNCaP cells. The effective ethyl acetate fractions of Perilla sikokiana, Sophora flavescens, Hydnocarpus anthelmintica, and Angelica tenuissima were subfractionated by column chromatography and tested. The subfractions $F4\;(IC_{50}\;:\;1.1\;ug/ml),\;F5\;(IC_{50}\;:\;2.0\;ug/ml),\;and\;F6\;(IC_{50}\;:\;5.8\;ug/ml)$ of the ethyl acetate fraction of Perilla sikokiana and the subfraction $F8\;(IC_{50}\;:\;5.3\;ug/ml)$ of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sophora flavescens displayed greater inhibition of $5{\alpha}-reductase$ type 2 than did finasteride in LNCaP cells. These active fractions are under the process of further sequential fractionation to find the effective pure compounds against $5{\alpha}-reductase$ 2 activity.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.34-45
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate intestinal immune system activation and antimetastatic effect of Ojeok-san on cancer cells by oral administration. Methods: Cell viability of Ojeok-san was tested with colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells and Peyer's patch cells in vitro. Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell. To observe immunomodulating effects of Ojeok-san on Peyer's patch cells, we measured interleukin (IL)-4, GM-CSF. In addition to observing effects of Ojeok-san on hematopoiesis, we measured proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. IgA induction activated in serum and intestinal content was measured to observe the effect of orally administered Ojeok-san on mucosal immune system. After administering Ovalbumin (OVA) with Ojeok-san, Proliferation of Peyer's patch cell was measured to investigate gut immunostimulatory effect. Results: in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, the inhibitory concentration $(IC)_{50}$ of the colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell was $890{\mu}g/ml$. $IC_{50}$ of the Peyer's patch cells with LPS was $990{\mu}g/ml$. We found that orally administered Ojeok-san significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In addition, the amounts of IL-4 and GM-CSF in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells were significantly increased compared to the control group. The proliferation of bone marrow cell was significantly up-regulated with Ojeok-san. These results indicate that oral administration of Ojeok-san enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-4 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation. After orally administering Ovalbumin (OVA) with Ojeok-san, IgA induction and Proliferation of peyer's patch cell was up-regulated with Ojeok-san. These results means orally administered Ojeok-san activates intestinal immune system and has an inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. Conclusions: Orally administered Ojeok-san appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of immune system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.4999-5005
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• 2013

Objective: This study aimed to investigate expression of the proto-oncogene POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic factor (Pokemon) in colorectal cancer (CRC), and assess inhibitory effects of a small interference RNA (siRNA) expression vector in SW480 and SW620 cells. Methods: Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine mRNA and protein expression levels of Pokemon in CRC tissues. Indirect immunofluorescence staining was applied to investigate the location of Pokemon in SW480 and SW620 cells. The siRNA expression vectors that were constructed to express a short hairpin RNA against Pokemon were transfected to the SW480 and SW620 cells with a liposome. Expression levels of Pokemon mRNA and protein were examined by real-time quantitative-fluorescent PCR and western blot analysis. The effects of Pokemon silencing on proliferation of SW480 and SW620 cells were evaluated with reference to growth curves with MTT assays. Results: The mRNA expression level of Pokemon in tumor tissues ($0.845{\pm}0.344$) was significantly higher than that in adjacent tumor specimens ($0.321{\pm}0.197$). The positive expression ratio of Pokemon protein in CRC (87.0%) was significantly higher than that in the adjacent tissues (19.6%). Strong fluorescence staining of Pokemon protein was observed in the cytoplasm of the SW480 and SW620 cells. The inhibition ratios of Pokemon mRNA and protein in the SW480 cells were 83.1% and 73.5% at 48 and 72 h, respectively, compared with those of the negative control cells with the siRNA. In the SW620 cells, the inhibition ratios of Pokemon mRNA and protein were 76.3% and 68.7% at 48 and 72 h, respectively. MTT showed that Pokemon gene silencing inhibited the proliferation of SW480 and SW620 cells. Conclusion: Overexpression of Pokemon in CRC may have a function in carcinogenesis and progression. siRNA expression vectors could effectively inhibit mRNA and protein expression of Pokemon in SW480 and SW620 cells, thereby reducing malignant cell proliferation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.690-695
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• 2003

Physiological activities of 40% ethanol extracts of Phellinus ribis were studied by employing several biological and biochemical assays. The extracts of Phellinus ribis displayed nitrate-scavenging activities (NSA) at pH 1.2 as with 64% NSA with 1.0 mg/mL of the extracts. They also had 91% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Antioxidant activities of the extracts (at 0.5 mg/mL) on the autoxidation of linoleic acid (p<0.001) were also observed.. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on angiotensin converting enzyme was 11%. Cytotoxic effects of Phellinus ribis extracts against human cancer cell tines were also examined using MTT assay. The extracts (at 50 mg/mL) had severe growth inhibitory effects on A549, Hela, AGS, and SK-Hep-1, which were 8, 44, 76 and 42%, respectively. Ames test indicated that the extracts had no mutating effects on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.