• Title/Summary/Keyword: growth characteristics of barley

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Weed Management Using a Potential Allelopathic Crop (제초제(除草劑) 신기능(新機能) 작물품종(作物品種) 이용(利用) 잡초방제(雜草防除) 기술(技術))

  • Kim, Kil-Ung;Park, Kwang-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.80-93
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    • 1997
  • Allelopathic compounds as naturally occurring herbicide have originally reported from local vegetation since B.C. 300. These compounds are known as secondary plant metabolites which released from plants into the environment often attract or repel, nourish or poison other organisms. In recent, many natural plant allelochemicals be used to attempt to biologically or ecologically control weed among worldwide weed scientists. Some allelochemicals have also used as fungicides, insecticides, and nematodicides, and were less than man-made agrochemicals to damage the global ecosystem. It makes efficient use of resources internal to the farm, relies on a minimum of purchased inputs. Some scientists selected for allelopathic activity when breeding weed-controlling cultivars of rice, sorghum, cucumber, surflower etc. Thus, this paper is focused on allelopathic compounds isolated from cultivated crop with the high potential of prospective herbicides. The most environmentally acceptable and sustainable approach to utilization of allelopathy for weed control is to develop plant cultivars with proven allelopathic characteristics. In rice accessions, there are 60 cultivars/lines which have known as allelopathic activity and some of these cultivars control weed more less 90% within certain radius of activity. These accessions are originated from 15 countries including Korea, Japan, USA, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Taiwan, Afghanistan, Mali, Pakistan, Colombia, Egypt, China, and Dom. Rep. From these cultivars, the most common allelopathic compounds identified in rice are p-Hydroxybenzoic, Vanillic, p-Coumaric, and Ferulic acids. In addition, allelopathic lines of the following crop have shown inhibition of weed growth : beet (Beta vulgaris), lupin(Lupinus spp.), com(Zea mays), Wheat(Triticum aestivum), oats(Avena spp.) peas(Pisum sativum), barley(Hordeum vulgare), rye(Secale cereale), and cucumber(Cucumis sativus). Thus, future allelopathy research must be designed its potentially phytotoxic propertices and the ecotoxic features of the allelochemicals from release to degradation ; its ecological sustainability, its allelopathic effect in early growth. stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical stages, and selectivity properties in combination with chemical concentrations. Also, research approach in allelopathy might be screened for highly allelopathic germplasm collection of crops, the idea being to ultimately transfer this agronomic character into improved cultivars by either conventional breeding or other genetic transfer techniques.

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Manufacturing and Sensory Characteristics of Jupjang Using Grains Fermented by Basidiomycetes (담자균 발효 곡물을 이용한 즙장의 제조와 관능적 특성)

  • Jung, In-Chang
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.22 no.3 s.93
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    • pp.337-345
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    • 2006
  • The properties of various grains used for the solid-state cultivation of basidiomycetes were examined. The hydration time with cold water was 10 hours for malt soybean. The required hydration time for Job's tears, barley and wheat was 4, 6 and 12 hours, respectively, but the final moisture content ranged from 30 to 48 %, which was much less than the optimum moisture content for mycelial growth. For the mass cultivation of mycelia, the hydrated grains with cold water were placed in plastic bottles. The mycelial growth ra in e bottled grains was high in the early stage with inoculation of homogenized mycelium. The mycelium activity was maintained by adding sterilized water in the middle of the cultivation period. Jupjang underwent sensory evaluation to examine the possibility of utilizing basidiomycetes in functional foods. The grains fermented with Ganoderma lucidum was the best for Jupjang. The combination of malt soybean and Job's tears was the best for Jupjang. The acceptability of Jupjang was improved during the period of aging time.

Influences of Seleniferous Whole Crop Barley Supplement on Growth Performance and Blood Characteristics in Growing Pigs (셀레늄함유 청보리 급여가 육성돈의 생산성 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Sung-Hoon;Jo, Ik-Hwan;Kim, Guk-Won;HwangBo, Soon;Han, Ouk-Kyu;Song, Tae-Hwa;Park, Tae-Il;Choi, In-Bae
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.39-48
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate effects of different levels of seleniferous whole crop barley (WCB) supplementation on performance, and blood characteristics as physiological responses in growing pigs. A total of 20 cross-bred pigs ((Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc) were divided into 4 treatments of 5 pigs each and experimental period lasted for 6 weeks. They were fed diets containing 0.1 (non-seleniferous WCB as controls), 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kg levels of selenium (Se) by supplementing seleniferous WCB, and non-seleniferous or seleniferous WCB was formulated to 5% level in total ration. The diets were isonitrogenous (18% crude protein) and isocaloric (3,500 kcal/kg digestible energy) across treatments. Increasing levels of seleniferous WCB supplements did not affect feed intake and BW gain, and blood total protein concentration was (p<0.05) significantly higher for 0.2 mg/kg Se treatments than for controls. On d 14, blood albumin concentration was higher (p<0.05) for seleniferous WCB supplemented groups than for control group. Contrarily, blood glucose concentration was tended to be higher for controls than for seleniferous WCB groups. Blood total lipid concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lowered with increasing levels of seleniferous WCB. Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase did not have any difference among treatments. It was tended that blood total cholesterol and triglyceride were lowered with increasing levels of seleniferous WCB. Blood Se concentration was significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing levels of seleniferous WCB. The results indicate that Se present in seleniferous WCB had favorable effects on blood characteristics and blood Se increased by supplementing seleniferous WCB implies not only a good intestinal absorption of Se present in WCB but also the possibility of Se transfer into tissues.

Effects of Total Mixed Rations on Growth Performance and Carcass Charcteristics of Hanwoo Steers (섬유질배합사료 급여가 거세한우의 발육 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향 미치는 영향)

  • Cho, Young Moo;Kwon, Eung Gi;Chang, Sun Sik;Kim, Tae Il;Park, Byung Ki;Kang, Su Won;Paek, Bong Hyun
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.3
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    • pp.363-372
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    • 2008
  • To investigate the effects of total mixed ration(TMR) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers, sixty steers were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups; separate feeding of concentrate and rice straw(control), wet TMR(TMRⅠ), dry TMR with 20%(TMRⅡ) and 40%(TMRⅢ) barley bran from 6 to 28 month of age. In growth performance, average daily gains of TMRⅡ group was the highest(0.70kg/day) but significant differences between treatments were not found(p>0.05). Average feed required for kg body weight gain of control group was 11.63kg. Those of TMRⅠ through TMRⅢ were 9.29, 10.46 and 10.71kg, respectively. Dressing percentage and retailed cut percentage were 59% and 63%, without any significant differences between treatments(p>0.05). There were no significant differences in rib-eye area, back fat thickness, meat color and fat color (p>0.05). Average marbling score was higher(p<0.05) in TMRⅠ than in control group.

Development Characteristics of Potato Common Scab in Jeju Inland (제주지역 감자더뎅이병 발생 특성)

  • Hong, Soon-Yeong;Kang, Yong-Kil;Hahm, Young-Il
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.137-144
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    • 2003
  • This study was conducted to clarify developmental characteristics of scab in potato fields in Jeju island, Korea from 1995 to 1999. Occurrence of potato scab increased with repeated cultivaton of potato and high soil pH in the fields. Incidence of the disease was high as 54.8% in the repeatedly cultivated potato fields but relatively low as 20.8~26.3% in the non-cultivated fields and in the fields where barley and Chinese cabbage were formerly cultivated. A total of 66 isolates were obtained from the diseased patato tubers and identified as Streptomyces scabies, S.turgidiscabies and S. acidiscabies. The isolation frequency of each Streptomyces species was 37.7%, 14.8% and 18.0%, respectively. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the Streptomyces spp. was $28~30^{\circ}C$, and the optimum pH for that 6~7.

Effect of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius H. Robinson) Extracts on Herbicidal, Fungicidal, and Insecticidal Activities (야콘(Smallanthus sonchifolius H. Robinson) 추출물의 제초, 살균 및 살충활성 효과)

  • Yun, Young-Beom;Kim, Jin-Hwa;Jang, Se-Ji;Kim, Do-Ik;Kwon, Oh-Do;Kuk, Yong-In
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.98-106
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    • 2012
  • This research has been carried out to find out the highest effect on insecticidal, fungicidal and herbicidal activities in leaves, stem and tuber extracts of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and extraction methods such as water, boiling water and methanol. Characteristics of potential herbicidal components among extraction methods were investigated by solvent fractions such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Generally, methanol extract was the best on inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley. On the other hand, the inhibition effect on growth in cucumber and barley was the best in tuber among plant parts of yacon. Inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley in solvent fractions was the best in water fraction, but there were no differences in other fractions. Digitaria sanguinalis L. and Solanum nigrum L. by 5 and 10% extractions of yacon tuber were controlled by more than 70~80% and 95~100%, respectively. However, there was no inhibition effect on foliar treatment in cucumber and barley as affected by 5 and 10% extractions of yacon tuber. Mortality of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) was 50% at 3 days after treatment of 5% extracts of yacon leaves. Mortality of brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) was only 24% in 5% extracts of stems and leaves with midrib, but was 57% in 5% extracts of leaves without midrib. There was no fungicidal effect on anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum), wilt disease (Fusarium oxysporum), verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae), bacterial blight (Xanthomonus oryzae) in 5% extracts of yacon leaves.

'Nokyang', Whole Crop Forage Barley Cultivar with the Stay-Green Character, Resistance to Viral Disease and High-Yielding (내병 다수 후기녹체성 청보리 신품종 '녹양')

  • Park, Tae-Il;Oh, Young-Jin;Park, Hyoung-Ho;Park, Jong-Chul;Cho, Sang-Kyun;Noh, Jae-Hwan;Kim, Dae-Wook;Song, Tae-Hwa;Chae, Hyun-Seok;Jeung, Jae-Hyun;Hong, Ki-Heung;Bae, Jeong-Suk;Huh, Jae-Young;Ku, Ja-Hwan;Park, Ki-Hun;Han, Ouk-Kyu
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.57-62
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    • 2015
  • "Nokyang" (Hordeum vulgare L.), a new whole-crop silage barley cultivar, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Korea in 2012. It was derived from combining "Nagyoung" and breeding line "SB77368-B-145". Among the combinations made in 2001, a promising line, "SB01T2017", showed good characteristics in terms of potential forage yield in the yield trial at Iksan from 2007 to 2009. In 2009, the promising line was designated as "Iksan457" and placed in regional yield trials at six locations around Korea for three years from 2010 to 2012, and was released under the name of "Nokyang." It has the growth habit of a group III creeping plant type, with a light-green leaf and common spike. Its average heading and maturing dates were on May 6 and June 4, respectively, which were later than cultivar "Youngyang." "Nokyang" also showed strong winter hardiness, and a resistance to shattering and barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) similar to those of the check cultivar. The best thing among the traits of one is a new good quality with the plant green at the latter growing period. The average forage dry matter (DM) yields in the regional yield trial were about 12.8 and 11.5 MT $ha^{-1}$ in upland and paddy field, respectively, which were higher than those of the check cultivar, by 7% and 2%, respectively. This cultivar would be suitable for an area of the Korean peninsula where the daily minimum temperature in January is above $-8^{\circ}C$.

A New Whole Crop Barley Cultivar 'Younghan' with Good Quality, Resistance to Lodging and Viral Disease and High-Yielding (양질 내병 내도복 다수성 청보리 품종 '영한')

  • Park, Tae-Il;Seo, Jae-Hwan;Han, Ouk-Kyu;Kim, Kyeong-Hun;Oh, Young-Jin;Park, Ki-Hun;Choi, Jae-Seong;Park, Jong-Chul;Park, Hyoung-Ho;Kim, Hong-Sik;Kim, Jung-Gon;Song, Tae-Hwa;Kim, Won-Ho;Park, Nam-Geon;Jeung, Jae-Hyun;Ju, Jung-Il;Kim, Soo-Yong;Kim, Dae-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.184-189
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    • 2011
  • 'Younghan' (Hordeum vulgare L.), a winter barley for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration in 2008. It was derived from a cross between $F_1$['YB3433-3B-5'/'YB3135-3B-2-3'] and 'YB3135-3B-2-3'. 'SB971305-B-B-B-4-4' line was selected for its earliness, resistance to disease and good agronomic characteristics. The promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials in Iksan in 2004 to 2005, and designated as 'Iksan420'. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield at eight locations throughout Korea for two years from 2007 to 2008 and finally named as 'Younghan'. It has the growth habit of IV, erect plant type, green leaf and thick culm in diameter. Its heading date was April 24, and the maturing date was May 25 in paddy field conditions, which were one day earlier than those of the check cultivar 'Youngyang'. The cultivar 'Younghan' had better winter hardiness, and resistance to lodging and BaYMV than those of the check cultivar did. The average forage dry matter yield of 'Younghan' was approximately 12.0 MT/ha in adapted region. 'Younghan' also showed 8.5% of crude protein content, 27.2% of ADF, and 67.1% of TDN, including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for (area with daily minimum temperature in January) above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.

Effects of Sowing Date on Grain Filling and Related Traits in Winter Barley (파종기 차이가 보리의 등숙과 등숙관련 형질에 미치는 영향)

  • 류용환;이창덕;하용웅
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.93-103
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    • 1992
  • Experiments were conducted in the research field of the Wheat and Barley Research Institute with three barley cultivars, Olbori, Kangbori and Suwon 18, which showed different growth characteristics. The highest rates of daily dry matter accumulation in grains were 1.03 1.94 mg / grain / day in early and optimum sowings and 0.88 1.88 mg / grain / day in late sowings, which occurred around 20~30 days after heading in early and optimum sowings and 15~20 days after heading in late sowings. Grains reached their maximum weight by 40 days after heading in early and optimum sowings and 35 days after heading in late sowings. Total sugar content in grains followed a pattern of linear increase immediately after heading, but it started to decrease around 20 days after heading. On the other hand, starch content continued to increase until maturity. The contents of both components were high in the order of &apos;Olbori&apos; &gt; &apos;Kangbori&apos; &gt; &apos;Suwon 18&apos;, but they did not respond in a regular pattern to different sowings. 1,000 grain weight showed highly significant positive correlation(r=0.767$^{**}$) with the duration of grain growth, but it had negative correlations with the average (r=-0.548$^{**}$) or the sum (r=-0.595$^{**}$) of post-anthesis daily mean temperature.ature.

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Diversity of Root-Associated Paenibacillus spp. in Winter Crops from the Southern Part of Korea

  • CHEONG HOON;PARK SOO-YOUNG;RYU CHOONG-MIN;KIM JIHYUN F.;PARK SEUNG-HWAN;PARK CHANG SEUK
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.15 no.6
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    • pp.1286-1298
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    • 2005
  • The genus Paenibacillus is a new group of bacilli separated from the genus Bacillus, and most of species have been isolated from soil. In the present study, we collected 450 spore-forming bacilli from the roots of winter crops, such as barley, wheat, onion, green onion, and Chinese cabbage, which were cultivated in the southern part of Korea. Among these 450 isolates, 104 Paenibacillus-like isolates were selected, based on their colony shape, odor, color, and endospore morphology, and 41 isolates were then finally identified as Paenibacillus spp. by 16S rDNA sequencing. Among the 41 Paenibacillus isolates, 23 were classified as P. polymyxa, a type species of the genus Paenibacillus, based on comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences with those of 32 type strains of the genus Paenibacillus from the GenBank database. Thirty-five isolates among the 41 Paenibacillus isolates exhibited antagonistic activity towards plant fungal and bacterial pathogens, whereas 24 isolates had a significant growth-enhancing effect on cucumber seedlings, when applied to the seeds. An assessment of the root-colonization capacity under gnotobiotic conditions revealed that all 41 isolates were able to colonize cucumber roots without any significant difference. Twenty-one of the Paenibacillus isolates were shown to contain the nifH gene, which is an indicator of $N_{2}$ fixation. However, the other 20 isolates, including the reference strain E681, did not incorporate the nifH gene. To investigate the diversity of the isolates, a BOX-PCR was performed, and the resulting electrophoresis patterns allowed the 41 Paenibacillus isolates to be divided into three groups (Groups A, B, and C). One group included Paenibacillus strains isolated mainly from barley or wheat, whereas the other two groups contained strains isolated from diverse plant samples. Accordingly, the present results showed that the Paenibacillus isolates collected from the rhizosphere of winter crops were diverse in their biological and genetic characteristics, and they are good candidates for further application studies.