• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2008

With the growth of airline management, as well as computer and IT security, the international trade in this modern society has been rapidly increasing, Along with the advancing, airplanes have become a universal means of communication. However, the complications associated with airplane safety have also been brought up as a result, the most concerning of which is terrorism. One of the main counterplans for preventing terrorism is Ground security activities the core of Ground security activities is absolute safety for passengers in both passenger terminal and freight terminal. Subastral security refers to physical protection, proximity control and 100% security search and freight guarding of the passengers' possessions, and the personnel's duties to perform such jobs are be! coming more crucial. On the other hand, Airport security check has bee n gradually developing since the 1960's, when hijacking began to take place. Although the airports have been providing more safe and comfortable services to their customers, terrorism is still happening today. When Ground security activities is minute, the users feel displeasure and discomfort, yet considering solely their convenience can brings problems in achieving safety. Since the 9.11 terror in 2001, the idea of improving and strengthening airport security was reinforced and a considerable amount of estate is being spent today for invention and application of new technology. Various nations, including the United States, have been improving their systems of security through public services; public police department is actively carrying out their duties in airports as well. In San Francisco International Airport, private police department is in charge of collection of data, national events, VIP protection, law enforcement, cooperation within facilities, daily-based patrol and traffic control. Under guidance and supervision of national organizations, such as TSA, general police department interprets X-Rays, operates metal detectors, checks passports or IDs and observes reactions to explosives. Under these circumstances, studies about advancement of cooperation and duties of general police department and private police department necessitated: especially about private police department and their training for searching equipments, decrease in number of turn over rate, invention of technology and prior settlement in estate for security. The privacy of the public, who make up the major population of airport passengers, must also be minimized. In the following research, the activities of police departments in San Francisco International Airport will be analyzed in order to understand recent actions of the United States on airport security.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.3170-3180
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• 1973

This study of the subject will review past and present irrigation development in Korea. Particular attention will be given to water pricing structure and a case study on the purpose of rational operation and management of irrigation water and organizations, and the optimum irrigation water and organizations, and the optimum irrigation water fee inorder to reduce farmers burden and to rationalize the farmland associations management so as to achieve development of the rural environment. In 1971, the reservoir of the Farmland Improvement A sociation (FIA) produced only 775 millison $m^3$ of irrigation water or 77% of planned capacity of 1,015 million $m^3$. It was caused by inefficient maintenance of irrigation facilities; for instance, about 21% of reservoirs, pumping stations and weirs in Korea have been silted by soil erosion which hinder to water production according to an ADC survey. The first Irritation Association was established in 1906, whcih was renamed the Farmland Assoeiation by the Rural Development Enouragement Law in 1970. By the end of 1971, 411,000 ha of rice paddies were under the control of 267 associations nationwide. The average water price assessed by Associations nationwide rose from 790 won per 0.1 ha. in 1966 to 1,886 won in 1971. The annual growth rate was 20%. The highest water price in 1971 was 4,773 won her 0.1 ha. and the lowest was 437 won. This range was caused by differences in debt burden, geographic conditions and management efficiency among the Associations. In 1971, the number of Associations which exceeded the average water price of 1,886 won per 0.1 ha. was 144, or 55.1% of all Association. In determination of water price, there are two principles; one is determined by production cost such as installation cost of irrigation facilities, maintenance cost, management cost and depreciation ect. For instance, the Yong San River Development project was required 33.7 billion won for total construction and maintenance cost is 3.1 billion won for repayment, maintenance and management cost per year. The project produces 590 million $m^3$ of irrigation water annually. Accordingly, the water price per $m^3$ is 5.25 won. The other principle is determined by water value in the crop products and in compared with production of irrigated paddy and non-irrigated paddy. By using this method, water value in compared with paddy rice vs. upland rice(Average of 1967-1971) was 14.15 won per $m^3$ and irrigated paddy vs. non-irrigated paddy was 2.98 won per $m^3$. In contrast the irrigation fee in average association of 1967-1971 was 1.54 won per $m^3$. Accordingly, the current national average irrigation fee(water price) is resonable compared with its water value. In this study, it is found that the ceiling of water price in terms of water value is 2.98 won per $m^3$ or 2,530 won per 0.1 ha. However, in 1971 55% of the associations were above the average of nationwide irrigation fees. which shows the need for rationalization of the Association's management. In connection with rationalization of the Association's management, this study recommends the following matters. (1) Irrigation fee must be assessed according to the amount of water consumption taking intoaccount the farmer's ability. (2) Irrigation fee should be graded according to behefits and crop patterns. (3) Training personnel in the operation and procedures of water management to save O&M costs. (4) Insolvent farmland association should be integrated into larger, sound associations in the same GUN in order to reduce farmers' water cost. (5) The maintenance and repair of existing irrigation facilities is as important as expansion of facilities. (6) Establishment of a new Union of Farmland Association is required to promoted proper maintenance and to protect the huge investment in irrigation facilities by means of technical supervision and guidance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1970

To determine the effects of the silicate and the phosphate on the rice seedlings, 200 grams dry soil of the paddy field taken in the petri dish of 15cm diameter were treated with three levels of silicate(wollastonite) and phosphate. And the same amounts of nitrogen and potash were added constantly to each treated petridish. 100 grains of rice of which variety is Nongrim 25 were sown on each treated petridish simultaneously. After five times continuous culture, the rice plants and the soil were analyzed chemically and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Dry matter weight of the rice seedlings was significantly increased to the increased phosphate absorption, on the other hand that was decreased when the silica absorption was increased. 2. The higher the available phosphate content in the soil after the experiments, the lower the silica content as well as absorption by the plant, and the $SiO_2/P_2O_5$ ratio in the plant was significantly decreased. 3. By the wollastonite application, the available silica, the exchangeable calcium in the soil after the experiment, and the silica content as well as silica absorption and $SiO_2/P_2O_5$ ratio in the rice plant was significantly increased. 4. Higher correlation coefficient was obtained between the exchangeable calcium amount and the silica content or silica/phosphate ratio in the rice plant than the available silica content in soil itself. 5. It is possible to control the silica/phosphate ratio in plant by the control of the silica/phosphate ratio in soil. 6. The relation between the silica/phosphate ratio in plant (y) and the available silica/phosphate ratio in soil (x) was $y=0.665+1.420x-0.0825x^2$ and the goodness of fit(r) was 82%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1970

A pot experiment of paddy rice was carried out primarily to find out the effect of potash in relation to the application of wollastonite on paddy rice. The result which showed increased paddy rice yield has been evaluated from the factors of yield, yield components, soil and plant analysis data at different stages of plant growth and the summary of review is described as follows : 1. Effect of potash is likely to be greater in the presence of wollastonite and a larger quantity of wollastonite application would require correspondingly larger quantities of potash. 2. Application of potash and wollastonite resulted increased paddy rice yield may be largely due to increased contents of potassium, calcium and silica in the soil and increased concentration of $K_2O$, CaO and $SiO_2$, $SiO_2/N$ ratio and $K_2O/N$ ratio in rice straw. 3. The maximum paddy rice yield, at less than 300kg/10a application of wollastonite was obtained by applying 8kg of $K_2O$ per 10 are while 600kg/10a application of wollastonite gave the maximum yield by applying 16kg of $K_2O$ application per 10 are. 4. Application of wollastonite decreased the number of ears per hill and number of grains per ear. While ripening percentage and 1,000 grain weight tended to increase with wollastonite. The increased contents of CaO and $SiO_2$ in straw due to wollastonite application showed a negative correlation with the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear but a positive correlation was shown with ripening percentage and 1,000 grains weight. 5. Potash application appeared to be increasing the number of ears per hill and the number of grains per ear. There was a positive correlation exist between the higher content of $K_2O$ in rice straw and the number of grains per ear 6. Amount of nitrogen absorbed tended to decrease with increase in quantities of potash and wollastonite but the ratio of $SiO_2/N$ was increased by further application of potash and wollastonite. 7. $K_2O/N$ ratio was increased with incrementing in quantities of potash application but in the absence of potash, $K_2O/N$ ratio was decreased as to increasing wollastonite application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.274-280
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• 2005

Enormous amount of oyster-shell waste has been illegally disposed at oyster farm sites along the southern coast of Korea and then made a serious problem in environmental side. To increase the consumption of oyster shell meal as a soil amendment, the effects of oyster shell meal on soil properties and spring Chinese cabbage productivity were evaluated in silt loam soil to which 0, 4, 8, 12 and $16Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of oyster-shell meal fertilizer were added. Hydrated lime treatment ($2Mg\;ha^{-1}$) was selected as a control. Oyster-shell meal fertilizer, which made by a simple crushing and has high alkalinity as a calcium materials, had significant effects on neutralizing acid soil and on supplying calcium element. Spring Chinese cabbage yields increased with shell meal application. Plant uptakes of macro-nutrients such as P and C, and micro-nutrient such as B were significantly increased by oyster-shell meal application and then contributed to promote Chinese cabbage growth. The highest yield was achieved following the addition of $8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ shell meal application, and the same yield with that in lime treatment was at the $4Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Oyster-shell meal had more substantial effect on suppling calcium and on improving soil pH than that of lime. In conclusion, oyster shell meal fertilizer could be a good supplement to other inorganic soil amendments to improve nutrient balances in upland soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1994

Lysimeter experiments were conducted to elucidate the behavior of $NO_3-N$ derived from urea applied at different rates and accompanying cations in soils and to further provide fundamental information of rational nitrogen-fertilizer management. Urea was applied at rates of 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35kg N/10a to sandy loam pakced into PVC cylindrical lysimeter(vol. : $0.187m^2$, area $0.43m^2$). Leachates from the lysimeter with or without grass grown were collected periodically and analyzed for $NO_3$ and cations. Grass growth and yield responses to N fertilization were also examined. Dry matter yield and nitrogen uptake increased with the urea application rate. The amount of leachate from the lysimeter was negatively correlated with urea application ratesl($r=-0.95^{**}$). The nitrate leaching loss with grass grown was 230 g N/10a at the maximum rate of 35kg N/10a, but the highest leaching loss was observed as 1,607 g N/10a from the bare plot. Increase in urea application rates decreased significantly leaching losses of Ca, Mg, K and Na(>0.01). The highest leaching loss from the bare plot was observed for Ca but only 6.5% of exchangeable form and 14.0% for K from the grass plot respectively. Equivalent ratio of cations to nitrate leached were 3.2 % for the bare plot and the ratio for the grass plot increased with the urea application rate, ranging from 18.6 to 32.7%.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2013

To provide the information for the wetland management considering the water treatment ability of macrophytes, the growth characteristics and primary production by reed (Phragmites australis) and cattail (Typha angustifolia), and the decomposition rate of organic matter produced were investigated in two sub-wetlands (Banweol and Donhwa wetlands) of the Sihwa Constructed Wetland (CW) with different chemistry of inflows. The shoot height of P. australis and Typha angustifolia began to increase in March, and reached its peaks in July and August (340cm and 320cm, respectively). The shoot density of P. australis ranging $100{\sim}170EA/m^2$ was higher than that of T. angustifolia (max. $78EA/m^2$). Standing biomass of P. australis ranged from $1,350{\sim}1,980gDM/m^2$, with maximal biomass in Banwol Upper Wetland. And it was larger in upper wetlands than lower wetlands. On the other hand standing biomass of T. angustifolia ($1,940gDM/m^2$) was similar to that of P. australis in Banwol Upper Wetland. Primary productivity of P. australis was in the order of Banwol Upper Wetland ($2,050gDM/m^2/yr$) > Donghwa Lower Wetland ($1,840gDM/m^2/yr$) > Banwol Lowerr Wetland ($1,570gDM/m^2/yr$) ${\fallingdotseq}$ Donghwa Lower Wetland ($1,540gDM/m^2/yr$), and that of T. angustifolia ($2,210gDM/m^2/yr$) was higher than P. australis. Annual production of organic matter produced by P. australis and T. angustifolia was 845 ton DM/yr (423 ton C/yr), and about 90% was comprised of that by P. australis. From the litter decomposition rate (k) (P. australis: leaf 0.0062/day, stem 0.0018/day; T. angustifolia: leaf 0.0031/day, stem 0.0018/day), leaf was rapid degraded compare to stem in both P. australis and T. angustifolia. The litter decomposition rate of leaf was two times rapid P. australis than T. angustifolia, whereas that of stem was same in both. Annual litter decomposition amount of P. australis than T. angustifolia was 285 ton C/yr(67.3% of organic matter produced by macrophytes), indicating that 32.7% of organic matter produced by macrophytes is accumulated in the Sihwa CW.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2011

The use of green manure crop is one of the methods for alternative of chemical fertilizer as well as maintain of soil sustainability, therefore we evaluated the effect of green manure crops on rice growth and weed occurrence in rice-green manure crop double cropping system. The treatments consisted of incorporation of hairy vetch, barley or combined hairy vetch and barley without any agrochemical or fertilizer. In hand weeding, rice yield in hairy vetch only or hairy vetch and barley incorporated fields was attained by 90% and 93% of the conventional practice, respectively, while the value in barley incorporated fields was just 79%. Although the rice yields were lower than the hand weed control, similar trends in non-weed control were observed among all treatments. At maximum tillering stage, occurred weeds in hairy vetch, barley or hairy vetch and barley incorporated fields were five, five and two species, respectively, while those in conventional practice were six species. Also, the dry weight of weeds in hairy vetch and barley incorporated fields was decreased by 33% and 53% compared to it of conventional practice, while the value in hairy vetch and barley incorporated field was increased by 34%. Among all treatments, although occurrence density of Echinochloa crus-galli was lower than another weed species, the dry weight of it significantly increased. These results suggested that although continuous incorporation of proper amount of legume green manure crops was possible to productivity insurance of crop, but to attain it was essential to the effective management of weeds.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2002

With increasing the concerns of health improving foods. the demands of C. boreale M., which is a perennial flower and has been historically used for a natural medicine, become higher, recently, However, wild C. boreale M. collected in a mountatinous area is limited and not enough to cover all demands. The cultivation system and fertilization strategy are required to produce much amount of C. boreale M. with a good quality. We investigated the effects of soil amendment application on plant growth and effective components of C. boreale M. to develop efficient cultivation system. C. boreale M. was cultivated in a pot scale, and lime, fly ash, poultry manure compost and swine manure compost as an amendment applied with rate of 2, 20, 150 and $150Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Here, chemical fertilizers were applied with the same level ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=150-80-80kg\;ha^{-1}$) in all treatments. Flower yields of C. boreale M., edible part as a natural medicine, were increased to 37 and 27% by swine and poultry manure compost application, respectively. Poultry manure compost amending (NPK+PMC) increased 3.6 times of proline content and 58% of total amino acids in the flower part more than chemical fertilization (NPK). But the contents of amino acids did not increase with amending liming materials like lime and fly ash. Cumambrin A, which is a sesquiterpene compound and has the effect of blood-pressure reduction, increased to 34 and 19% by lime and fly ash applications, respectively. Cumambrin A was significantly correlated with calcium content in the flower part of C. boreale M. Conclusively, soil amendments like compost and liming materials might contribute to increase the yields and quality of C. boreale M.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.101-124
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• 2009

According to Wikipedia, virtual reality (VR) is defined as a technology that allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment. Due to a rapid growth in information technology (IT), the cost of virtual reality has been decreasing while the utility of virtual reality advertisements has dramatically increased. Nevertheless, only a few studies have investigated the effects of virtual reality advertisement on consumer behaviors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to empirically examine the effects of virtual reality advertisement. Compared to traditional online advertisements, virtual reality advertisement enables consumers to experience products realistically over the Internet by providing high media richness, interactivity, and telepresence (Suh and Lee, 2005). Advertisements with high media richness facilitate consumers' understanding of advertised products by providing them with a large amount and a high variety of information on the products. Interactivity also provides consumers with a high level of control over the computer-simulated environment in terms of their abilities to adjust the information according to their individual interests and concerns and to be active rather than passive in their engagement with the information (Pimentel and Teixera, 1994). Through high media richness and interactivity, virtual reality advertisements can generate compelling feelings of "telepresence" (Suh and Lee, 2005). Telepresence is a sense of being there in an environment by means of a communication medium (Steuer, 1992). Virtual reality advertisements enable consumers to create a perceptual illusion of being present and highly engaged in a simulated environment, while they are in reality physically present in another place (Biocca, 1997). Based on the characteristics of virtual reality advertisements, a research model has been proposed to explain consumer responses to the virtual reality advertisements. The proposed model includes two dimensions of consumer responses. One dimension is consumers' rational response, which is based on the Information Processing Theory. Based on the Information Processing Theory, product knowledge and perceived risk are selected as antecedents of intention to purchase. The other dimension is emotional response of consumers, which is based on the Attitude-Structure Theory. Based on the Attitude-Structure Theory, arousal, flow, and positive affect are selected as antecedents of intention to purchase. Because it has been criticized to have investigated only one of the two dimensions of consumer response in prior studies, our research model has been built so as to incorporate both dimensions. Based on the Attitude-Structure Theory, we hypothesized the path of consumers' emotional responses to a virtual reality advertisement: (H1) Arousal by the virtual reality advertisement increases flow; (H2) Flow increases positive affect; and (H3) Positive affect increases intension to purchase. In addition, we hypothesized the path of consumers' rational responses to the virtual reality advertisement based on the Information Processing Theory: (H4) Increased product knowledge through the virtual reality advertisement decreases perceived risk; and (H5) Perceived risk decreases intension to purchase. Based on literature of flow, we additionally hypothesized the relationship between flow and product knowledge: (H6) Flow increases product knowledge. To test the hypotheses, we conducted a free simulation experiment [Fromkin and Streufert, 1976] with 300 people. Subjects were asked to use the virtual reality advertisement of a cellular phone on the Internet and then answer questions about the variables. To check whether subjects fully experienced the virtual reality advertisement, they were asked to answer a quiz about the virtual reality advertisement itself. Responses of 26 subjects were dropped because of their incomplete answers. Responses of 274 subjects were used to test the hypotheses. It was found that all of six hypotheses are accepted. In addition, we found that consumers' emotional response has stronger impact on their intention to purchase than their rational response does. This study sheds much light into practical implications for both IS researchers and managers. First of all, while most of previous research has analyzed only one of the customers' rational and emotional responses, we theoretically incorporated and empirically examined both of the two sides. Second, we empirically showed that mediators such as arousal, flow, positive affect, product knowledge, and perceived risk play an important role between virtual reality advertisement and customer's intention to purchase. In addition, the findings of this study can provide a basis of practical strategies for managers. It was found that consumers' emotional response is stronger than their rational response. This result indicates that advertisements using virtual reality should focus on the emotional side, and that virtual reality can be served as an appropriate advertisement tool for fancy products that require their online advertisements to give an impetus to customers' emotion. Finally, even if this study examined the effects of virtual reality advertisement of cellular phone, its findings could be applied to other products that are suited for virtual experience. However, this research has some limitations. We were unable to control different kinds of consumers and different attributes of products on consumers' intention to purchase. It is, therefore, deemed important for future research to control the consumer and product types for more reliable results. In addition to the consumer and product attributes, other variables could affect consumers' intention to purchase. Thus, the future research needs to find ways t control other variables.