• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 1995

For the two-dimensional observation on the growth and development of CLonorchis sinensis, an image analysis system (IBAS 2000, Kontron, Germany) was used in this study. On 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21, 30 and 90 days of infection, 474 worms were collected from rats infected with 50 metacercariae each. The overall recovery rate was 31.6%. The worms grew rapidly in their length and width up to 30 days of infection and then, did slowly to 90 days of infection. However, the growth pattern of body area was not similar to that of body length and width, because the body area increased continuously even after 30 days of infection. With the image analysis system, the sizes of irregular-shaped genital organs were measured easily, which showed sigmoidal growth patterns . The growth rate of genital organs increased rapidly. until 21 days of infection when the uterus was filled with numerous eggs, and then gradually slowed down to 90 days. There was no difference in growth pattern between the anterior and posterior testis. The seminal receptacle , however, showed an abrupt increase in size between 15 to 21 days of infection when it was filled with condensed semen. Therefore, the growth pattern of seminal receptacle might be used as another criteria to estimate the extent of sexual maturation of C. sinensis. From this study, it is suggested that image analysis system is very useful to reveal the growth and development pattern of C. sinensis, especially of their internal organs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine ileal digestibilities for the amino acids contained in rapeseed meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred $(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing\;Black)$ barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% rapeseed meal. For the growth trial, 80 crossbred $(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing\;Black)$ growing pigs $(20{\pm}2.4kg)$ were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 3, 6, 9 or 12% rapeseed meal. Four pens (2 gilts and 2 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of isoleucine and methionine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of rapeseed meal in the diet increased. There was little agreement between the amino acid digestibilities determined with the regression technique and values previously published for rapeseed meal. During the growing (22-42 kg) period, the addition of rapeseed meal had no significant effects on gain, feed intake or feed conversion. During the finishing period (58-91 kg), daily gain was not affected by rapeseed meal inclusion but feed conversion declined (p<0.04) as the level of rapeseed meal in the diet increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.406-409
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• 2002

The effect of refeeding with various single essential amino acids on the recovery of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration in fasted young chickens was examined. Young chickens (29 days of age) were divided into 15 experimental groups. Chickens in one group were fed on the commercial diet ad libitum for 4 days. The remaining 56 chickens in 14 experimental groups were fasted. After 2 days of fasting, 52 chicks in 13 fasted groups were refed with one of the following experimental diets for 2 days. Eleven experimental diets were protein-free diets supplemented with one of 11 essential amino acids (Arg, Gly, His, Ileu, Leu, Met, Phe, Lys, Thr, Trp, Val). The remaining 2 experimental diets were a protein-free diet containing 11 essential amino acids and a protein-free diet not supplemented with amino acids. Birds in the remaining fasted group continued to be fasted for 2 days. Fasting for 2 days markedly reduced plasma IGF-I concentration. When fasted chickens were refed the protein-free diet containing either Gly alone or all essential amino acids, plasma IGF-I concentration was recovered to the level similar to that of fed chickens. Protein-free diet alone, however, failed to restore the reduced IGF-I concentration in plasma. Body weight loss modulated by feeding with protein-free diets supplemented with various single essential amino acids was associated with changes in plasma IGF-I concentrations. We concluded that body weight loss by feeding with a protein-free diet was lower than that of fasted chickens and that body weight loss associated with the decrease in plasma IGF-I concentration was modulated by feeding with protein-free diets containing various single essential amino acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.666-672
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in sunflower meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) barrows were fitted with simple Tcannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% sunflower meal. For the growth trial, 80 crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) growing pigs (21.5 kg) were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10 or 15% sunflower meal. Five pens (2 gilts and 2 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of arginine and valine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of sunflower meal in the diet increased. During both the growing (21.5-49.1 kg) and finishing (49.1-90.3 kg) periods and over the entire experiment (21.5-90.3 kg), average daily gain declined in a linear manner (p<0.05) with increasing amounts of sunflower meal. Feed intake was not significantly altered while feed conversion declined in a linear manner (p<0.05) during the grower period only. When the entire experimental period was taken into account, there would appear to be little penalty in either growth or feed conversion for including sunflower meal at levels up to 10% of the diet. Therefore, the price relationship between sunflower meal and other high-protein feedstuffs may provide an excellant opportunity for pork producers to use sunflower meal in order to reduce feed costs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine ileal digestibilities for the amino acids contained in sesame meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained in a growth trial using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four, 20 kg crossbred (Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace $\times$ Beijing Black) barrows were fitted with a simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75 percent sesame meal. For the growth trial, 210 crossbred (Yorkshire $\times$ Landrace $\times$ Henan Min) growing pigs ($21.8{\pm}1.4kg$), were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12% sesame meal. Three pens (7 gilts and 7 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of arginine and phenylalanine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of sesame meal in the diet increased. There was little agreement between the amino acid digestibilities determined with the regression technique and values previously published for sesame meal determined with the direct method. Daily gain and feed conversion both declined (linear effect p=0.02 and 0.06 respectively) as the level of sesame meal in the diet increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in cottonseed meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed com-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% cottonseed meal. For the growth trial, 128 crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) growing pigs (21 kg) were fed com-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8 or 12% cottonseed meal. Four pens (4 gilts and 4 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. The digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of cottonseed meal in the diet increased. There was good agreement between the amino acid digestibilities for methionine, threonine and tryptophan determined using the regression technique and amino acid digestibilities previously published for cottonseed meal. However, for lysine, the value of 67% ileal digestibility obtained in the present experiment was higher than most previously published estimates which ranged from 42 to 73%. During both the growing (21-43 kg) and finishing (43-84 kg) periods, the addition of cottonseed meal decreased average daily gain and feed conversion in a linear manner (p<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. The overall results suggest that cottonseed meal can be used at levels of up to 8% in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs provided that the diet. has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.282-286
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• 2006

The effect of biofertilizer (compound of microbial inoculants or groups of micro-organisms) on growth and yield of rice was investigated. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 7 treatments namely: $RF=N-P_2O_{5-}K_2O$ (11-5.5-4.8 kg $10a^{-1}$); half of the recommended fertilizer rate, $HRF=N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (5.5-2.75-2.4 kg $10a^{-1}$); HRF+Bio 250=HRF combined with 250 kg biofertilizer $10a^{-1}$; HRF+Bio 500=HRF combined with 500 kg biofertilizer $10a^{-1}$; Bio 250=250 kg biofertilizer $10a^{-1}$; Bio 500=500 kg biofertilizer $10a^{-1}$; and NF = No Fertilizer. Results showed that the recorded values of plant height, tiller number and chlorophyll content at 40 to 60 days after transplanting (DAT) in HRF+Bio 500 were significantly higher than those recorded in the RF treatment. Similar observations between these two treatments were only recorded from 60 DAT onwards. Yield components were also superior in HRF+Bio 500 treatment and comparable to that of RF. The highest grain yield obtained in HRF+Bio 500 treatment (785.8 kg $10a^{-1}$) was statistically similar to that of RF (739.8 kg $10a^{-1}$) but significantly higher than that of NF (506.7 kg $10a^{-1}$). Finally, head grain recovery (90.9) was low while chalkiness (0.03) was high at HRF+Bio 500 treatment as compared with RF, which were (96.1) and (0.3), respectively. Results showed that combined treatment of HRF and 500 kg biofertilizer $10a^{-1}$ has similar effects on the growth and yield of rice with that of RF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

As a result of intensive breeding, litter size has considerably increased in pig production over the last three decades. This has resulted in an increase in farrowing complications. Prolonged farrowing will shorten the window for suckling colostrum and reduce the chances for high-quality colostrum intake. Studies also agree that increasing litter sizes concomitantly resulted in decreased piglet birth weight and increased within-litter birth weight variations. Birth weight, however, is one of the critical factors affecting the prognosis of colostrum intake, and piglet growth, welfare, and survival. Litters of uneven birth weight distribution will suffer and lead to increased piglet mortality before weaning. The proper management is key to handle the situation. Feeding strategies before farrowing, management routines during parturition (e.g., drying and moving piglets to the udder and cross-fostering) and feeding an energy source to piglets after birth may be beneficial management tools with large litters. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-driven recovery from energy losses during lactation appears critical for supporting follicle development, the viability of oocytes and embryos, and, eventually, litter uniformity. This paper explores certain management routines for neonatal piglets that can lead to the optimization of their colostrum intake and thereby their survival in large litters. In addition, this paper reviews the evidence concerning nutritional factors, particularly lactation feeding that may reduce the loss of sow body reserves, affecting the growth of the next oocyte generation. In conclusion, decreasing birth weight and compromised immunity are subjects warranting investigation in the search for novel management tools. Furthermore, to increase litter uniformity, more focus should be placed on nutritional factors that affect IGF-1-driven follicle development before ovulation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.613-622
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• 2012

A chrome absorbent that is useful in rapid magnetic recovery and recycling was developed though a synthesis of Multi-Terminalized Magnetic-core Dendrimer (MTMD). Divergence through coprecipitation and rotation growth was used for synthesis. The dendrimer was multi-terminilized through methyl propionate and glutaric acid. The property analysis of the synthesized sample was performed through XRD, FT-IR, TEM, EDS, TGA and zeta potential analyzer. A magnetic-core of MTMD had a magnetite crystal and the size of 4th generation dendrimer was identified to be from 15 nm to 20 nm. Through the analysis of the TGA, the rate of the dendrimer branch for the first generation dendrimer was about 7% and 3% of diminished weight occurred as the generation grows. Also, the potential of the dendrimer when multi-terminalized, had variation from 25.26 mV to -6.53 mV. As a result of MTMD adsorption experiment, it absorbed more than 80% within 5 minutes and indicated absorptivity of 6.308 mg/g. When it was compared with COOH Dendrimer (COOH-D) after magnetic recovery, the recovery time was rapidly reduced by more than half and it could recover 100% within 30 minutes. In case of the regeneration experiment that used chrome, it was identified to maintain the same adsorptivity for four runs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.282-286
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• 2016

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of application of urea and combination of urea and pig manure compost (PMC) on the occurrence of and the recovery from ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$) toxicity in Chinese cabbage. To identify $NH_4{^+}$ toxicity of the crop four levels of urea at 0, 160, 320, and $480kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were applied, in addition, three levels of PMC at 10, 20, and $40M/T\;ha^{-1}$ was also applied with urea $320kg\;ha^{-1}$. For recovery $NH_4{^+}$ toxicity, six levels of sucrose were treated at the amount of 0, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,400, and $3,000kg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ at each level of combining treatments of urea and PMC. Our results showed that $NH_4{^+}$ toxicity was occurred at every urea application of $320kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ regardless of PMC applied to the soils because $NH_4{^+}$ contents in the soils were more than $155mg\;kg^{-1}$ which was found to be the critical level to damage crop growth at 2 days after transplanting (DAT) in this experiment, the more sucrose was applied up to $1,800kg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for the plants damaged by ammonium toxicity occurred at $320kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, the greater extents recover the plants from the toxicity. PMC showed the similar effect with sucrose on recovering Chinese cabbage plants from $NH_4{^+}$ toxicity at 30 DAT.