• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.452-458
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• 2003

Soybean is a rich source of isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein. Soy isoflavones have both weak estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects and are structurally similar to tamoxifen, an agent that has an effect similar to that of estrogen in terms of reducing postmenopausal bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of differences in protein source (casein vs soy) and isoflavone levels (reduced vs higher levels) on selected bone markers and hormones in growing male rats. Thirty weanling Sprague-Dawley young rats were divided into 3 groups: The control group was fed a casein-based diet, the soy concentrate group was fed soy protein with totally reduced isoflavones content (isoflavones 0.07 mg/g protein), and the soy isolate group was fed soy protein with a higher than normal isoflavones content (isoflavones 3.4 mg/g protein). The degree of bone formation was estimated by measuring serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphoatase (ALP). By determining collagen cross-linkage by immunoassay and correcting with creatinine values, the bone resorption rate was compared. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, estrogen and calcitonin were analyzed using radio immunoassay kits. The bone formation marker and ALP activity were differentiated by protein source, showing higher values than casein in feeding either soy isolate or soy concentrate. In this study using growing rats, the differences in isoflavone contents were not a significant factor in either bone formation or bone reaborption markers. Moreover, the soy isolate group had significantly higher levels of growth hormone than the casein group. The findings of this study suggest that growth hormone is partially responsible for its bone-formation effects in young growing rats. Soy protein and the isoflavones in soy protein are beneficial for bone-formation in growing male rats. Therefore, exposure to soy protein and isoflavones early in life may have long-term health benefits in preventing bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Further study to evaluate the mechanism of action of isoflavones on bones is warranted. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 452∼458, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.817-824
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• 1995

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein level on Ca efficiency in bone mineral density in growing male rats. Twenty male rate were divided into two groups. The rats in one group were fed on casein 20% diet as control group and the others were fed on casein 40% diet as protein group. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. The total body, spine and femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured using dual energy-x ray absorptiometry. Urinary calcium, phosphate, pyridinoline and creatinine, serum calcium, phosphate, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and osteocalcin were measured. Urinary Ca excretion, pyridinoline and crosslinks value and serum ALP content seem to be increased in high protein group. It appears that the growing rats in high protein group had a higher bone resprption and bone formation than those in control group. Animal fad a high protein diet had a siginficantly higher Ca efficiency in BMD, BMC of total body, spine and femur. The results of this show that increasing of dietary protein level (40%) is beneficial of improvement of Ca efficiency during growing period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.373-379
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of isoflavone on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing male rats. Twenty male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups, that underwent 9 weeks of experi-ental treatment. Animals were assigned to one of two diet groups (casein group or casein supplemented with isoflavones). During 9 week of the study, food consumption was determined every other day through the measurement of total food given subtracting the food uneaten from original amount given. Rats in two experimental groups had similar initial body weights. At the end of experiment, however, the casein group had significantly greater body weights compared to casein supplemented with isoflavones group. It was also observed that the casein group had greater food intake comared to casein supplemented with isoflavones group. The difference in the final body weights of the groups was therefore due to difference in amount of food ingested, but could be due to the effect of isoflavones. Total BMD, spine BMD, and spine BMC per weight and femoral BMD per weight were significantly greater in casein supplemented with isolaones group than casein group. ALP and osteocalcin were significantly greater in the casein-fed group. Crosslink value was significantly lower in the casein supplemented with isoflavones group, All other variables were statistically similar between two groups. Overall, it can be concluded that casein supplemented with isoflavones beneficial for acquisition of bone mineral density and content on growing male rats.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary protein and exercise on bone mineral density and bone mineral content of growing male rats. Forty male, Sprague-Dawley rats(age 21 days) were assigned to four groups that underwent 9 weeks of experimental treatment. Animals were assigned to one of two exercise treatments (treadmill running or sedentary). The exercise and nonexercise group were fed a diet containing casein or soy with rich isoflavones (3.4mg/g protein). The exercise group ran on a rodent treadmill(speed of 15m/min for 30min) three days per week during the 9-week study period. All rats were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content (BMC), total body calcium, spine BMD and BMC, and femur BMD and BMC were determined by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (FIXI-mus, GE Lunar Radiation Cooperation, Madison, WI, USA). The soy diet group appears to have a significantly higher total BMD/weight and total BMC/ weight, spine BMD/weight, spine BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and femur BMC/weight compared to the casein group in nonexercise and exercise. The exercise group had significantly greater total BMD/weight and BMC/ weight, spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and BMC/weight compared to the nonexercise group when the protein source was casein. The exercise combined soy group had significantly greater total BMD/weight and BMC/weight, spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and BMC/weight, compared to the exercise combined casein group. The results indicate that exercise had a positive influence on bone mineral density and bone mineral content and soy significantly affect on bone mineral density and bone mineral content for the 9 weeks experimental period. It can be concluded that exercise combined with a soy diet is most beneficial for acquisition of spine bone mineral density in young growing male rats. This convincing evidence suggests that a change in life style such as increasing exercise and consumption of soy protein is a practical strategy for significantly reducing the incidence of osteoporosis.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.278-286
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• 2015

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang on the lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities of liver tissue in growing male rats fed cholesterol. Twenty seven rats were divided into three treatment groups (Control, Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang) and were given experimental diets with 1% cholesterol for 9 weeks. All rats in this study were fed a casein-based diet. Chunggukjang groups were fed diet containing 33.1% Chunggukjang powder. The Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups showed significantly lower weight gain, food efficiency ratio than the control group regardless of Chunggukjang type. Serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in the Chunggukjang group than in the control group, whereas serum triglyceride and atherogenic index were significantly lower in the Greentea-Chunggukjang group than in the control group. Hepatic triglyceride contents was not significantly different among the diets. However, hepatic cholesterol content was significantly lower in the Greentea-Chunggukjang group than in the control group. Lipid peroxidation of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents was significantly lower in the Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups than in the control group. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue of the Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups were not significantly different. It can be concluded that Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang influence lipid profile and hepatic malondialdehyde contents in growing male rats fed cholesterol.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary caffeine supplementation(0.033%/diet) on the plasma and liver lipid concentrations in rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats(body weight $200{\pm}10\;g$) were divided into two groups: the control group and the caffeine-supplemented group(0.033% caffeine-supplemented diet). All rats were fed an experimental diet, and deionized water was avaliable ad libitum for 6 weeks. Plasma lipid concentrations were measured with a commercial kit based on an enzymatic method, and liver lipid concentrations were measured using the Folch method. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, food intake or food efficiency ratio between the control and caffeine-supplemented group. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels as well as the AI(athrogenic index) were significantly higher in rats fed the caffeine diet(0.033%) than in those fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in the liver total cholesterol and triglyceride levels between the control and caffeine-supplemented groups. Therefore, it seems possible that caffeine(0.033 g/100 g diet) may increase the plasma lipid concentration level in growing rats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1982

사료의 단백질과 에너지 수준이 흰쥐의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향을 알기 위해서 생후 3주된 Sprague-Dawley계 albino rat 암수 각각 100마리에서 표준사료를 5일동안 급여한 후 암쥐는 체중이 $70{\sim}80g$되는 것으로 93마리를 선택하였다(3마리는 개시기 도체분석에 사용하였으며, 90마리는 사양실험에 사용하였음). 실험사료의 에너지 수준은 ME를 저에너지(3200kcal/kg), 중에너지(3600kcal/kg), 고에너지(4000kcal/kg)로 달리했으며, 단백질 수준은 ME 3600kcal/kg에 대해서 저단백질(15%), 중단백질(25%), 고단백질(35%)의 3수준으로 하고, 지방수준은 ME 3600kcal/kg에 대해서 저지방(10%), 중지방(20%), 고지방(40%)의 3수준으로 정하고 나머지 에너지는 전분과 포도당으로 보충한 9종의 사료처리구에 대한 사양실험, 및 도체분석 실험을 실시했던 바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 증체량은 암수 모두 저단백질 수준(13%)에서 가장 높았으며, 암쥐의 경우 증체량이 가장 큰 것은 LP-HE구(121g)였고, 숫쥐의 경우 LPME(210g)로서 사료의 에너지 수준에 따라서 암수의 최대증체량은 달랐다 이 결과에서 성장을 위해서 숫쥐는 NRC(1980) 사양 표준 에너지(3600kcal/kg)에 적합하나 암쥐는 더 많은 사료 에너지의 요구됨이 시사되었다. 8주간 성장 곡선을 보면 암수간에 상당한 차이를 보였으며 암쥐는 3주까지, 숫쥐는 5주까지 급격한 성장을 보였고, 그 이후부터는 완만한 성장율을 나타냈다. 또한 증체량에 대한 사료중 영양소 수준의 효과가 암쥐에서 보다 수쥐에서 더욱 예민하게 나타났다. 이 결과에서 사양실험에 적합한 실험동물은 암쥐보다 숫쥐가 더욱 효과적이라 생각되었다. 사료섭취량은 증체량 사이에 밀접한 관계가 있음을 나타냈다. 사료효율은 암쥐의 경우 단백질과 에너지 수준이 NRC(1980) 사양표준치에서 가장 높은 사료효율을 나타냈다. 단백질 효율은 암수 모두 저단백질 수준에서 가장 높았으며 에너지 수준은 암쥐의 경우 고에너지 수준에서, 숫쥐의 경우 중에너지 수준에서 가장 높은 단백질 효율을 나타냈다. 사료의 단백질과 에너지 수준이 흰쥐의 성장에 미치는 영향을 보면 사료효율 및 단백질 효율은 증체량에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 증체량은 사료의 섭취량에 영향을 받기보다는 사료의 조성에 영향을 받는 것으로 생각되며 특히 에너지 수준에 따라 크게 영향을 받는다. (2) 체조성에 관하여 체수분과 체단백질은 암수 모두 사료 단백질 수준에 의해서 차이가 없었다. 체지방은 암쥐의 경우 사료 단백질과 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 뚜렷하게 증가했으나 숫쥐의 경우 단백질 및 에너지 수준에 의해서 큰 차이가 없었다. (3) 이상으로 본 실험결과를 종합하여 볼 때 암수의 성장곡선간에는 상당한 차이가 있었으며, 최대 증체량은 암쥐의 경우 단백질 수준 13%, 에너지 수준 3600kcal/kg으로 구성된 사료에서 얻어졌으며, 암수 각각 이 수준의 사료에서 또한 가장 높은 사료 효율 및 단백질 효율을 보였다. 이러한 사료의 조성은 암쥐의 경우 단백질 수준은 NRC 사양 표준치 이상에서 숫쥐의 경우 단백질과 에너지 수준이 모두 NRC 사양표준치에 일치했다.

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.96-96
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• 2002

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 초록
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• pp.60-60
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• 2001

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

To determine the deleterious effects of chronic alcohol consumption on bone especially in adolescents or young adults, 8 week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with Lieber-Decarli ethanol liquid diet, containing $36\%$ of energy as ethanol, ad libitum (ethanol group) or isocaloric normal liquid diet (control group) for 7 weeks. Body weight was significantly lower in ethanol group than that in control group after 1 week of feeding to the end. liver weight and the ratio of liver or kidney weight to body weight in ethanol group were significantly increased when compared to those in control group. Ethanol group showed significantly lower serum protein and albumin levels (p<0.05), higher total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels (p<0.05), and AST, ALT and BUN activities than control group, but serum triglyceride, Ca and phosphate levels were not different. Ethanol group had significantly lower tibial trabecular bone area and serum osteocalcin level than control group (p<0.05), but urinary Ca and NTx (cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen) concentrations and serum testosterone and parathyroid hormone levels were not different. In conclusion, chronic alcohol consumption in growing young male rats may result in osteopenia through the reduction of bone formation as well as liver malfunction.