• Magazine of korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 1999

The Grout-reinforcement technique which is widely used during the excavation of a shallow or an endangered tunnel can be classified into a couple of groups according to the properties and injection methods of the grout. The reinforcement design will, therefore, take a different approach based on the grouting method under consideration. However, the injection procedure is mainly performed by the experience of the foreman rather than engineering judgement , specifically the permeation grouting through the rock joints and its reinforcement effect Is not fully under-stood during the design stage, In this study, the anisotropic material properties of the grout-reinforced rock masses are derived from the concept of composite materials and the effect of intact rock, vertical grouting and permeation grouting is, therefore, fully accounted for. Through the parametric studies on the characteristics of rock joints, intact rock and grouting materials, various case studies have been considered. The results, illustrated via the design charts, can be directly used during the reinforcement design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.697-703
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• 2008

Excessive water leakage phenomenon happens through damage of nation core zone of about 17,000 storage of water facilities or collapse of dam is worried, is being damaged or enforce dilapidated fill dam core zone's repair reinforcement. Example that use grouting method of construction considering construction and economic performance etc. recently by repair reinforcement way about defect of dam is increased. Permeation grouting method repair & reinforcement of fill dam countermeasure is preferred in nation. Do that is economical to decide these repair reinforcement effect and grouting effect estimation method that do not give damage to dam is effective. Therefore, observing electricity resistivity Survey change of dam since grouting reinforcement using Electric resistivity Survey inquiry of seismic survey method in this research, Wished to verify grouting effect whether is possible as Electric resistivity Survey, and study whether integrity of dam through repair reinforcement defined.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2024

Grouting sleeves are an essential connecting component of prefabricated components, and the quality of grouting has a significant influence on structural integrity and seismic performance. The embedded grouting sleeve (EGS)'s grouting defects are highly undetectable and random, and no effective monitoring method exists. This paper proposes an ultrasonic guided wave method and provides a set of guidelines for selecting the optimal frequency and suitable period for the EGS. The optimal frequency was determined by considering the group velocity, wave structure, and wave attenuation of the selected mode. Guided waves are prone to multi-modality, modal conversion, energy leakage, and dispersion in the EGS, which is a multi-layer structure. Therefore, a time-reversal (TR)-based multi-mode focusing and dispersion automatic compensation technology is introduced to eliminate the multi-mode phase difference in the EGS. First, the influence of defects on guided waves is analyzed according to the TR coefficient. Second, two major types of damage indicators, namely, the time domain and the wavelet packet energy, are constructed according to the influence method. The constructed wavelet packet energy indicator is more sensitive to the changes of defecting than the conventional time-domain similarity indicator. Both numerical and experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and beneficial for the detection and quantitative estimation of the grouting defects of the EGS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.79-84
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• 2008

Auto injector grouting method as low pressure injected by using epoxy and Boyle's law is very excellent method in economical efficiency and construction work because injected process can be dealt with collectively. For estimation of filling capacity purpose of this study compared the Auto injector method with the piston injector method. In this study, the tests allow for width of crack, injected angle of epoxy resin and injected method were performed using concrete block specimen making artificial crack. The results of test, tilling et1iciency of epoxy by Auto Injector grouting method verify to better than the piston injector method and uniaxial strength increased about 11% than standard specimen.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

Maintenance of structural and hydrological safety of the superannuated fill dam is very important subject on the viewpoint of disaster prevention. Mainly, the core of the superannuated fill dams have been damaged continuously by the various harmful external forces such as the typhoons, flash floods and earthquake, and these can be connected to the large scaled general dam failure. Therefore, the research on the repair, remediation and reinforcement of dam is necessary. In this study, the permeable grouting method for the remediation of fill dam was examined by the electrical resistivity survey and the change of permeability of core front. As a result, the permeable grouting method can be useful remediation method for the superannuated fill dam, the leakage from the core front decreased greatly before and after the construction of grouting. Furthermore, it can be said that the turbidity of fill dam may not be greatly increased by grouting.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2017

Grouting is an operation often carried out to consolidate and seal the rock mass in dam sites and tunnels. One of the important parameters in this operation is grouting pressure. In this paper, analytical models used to estimate pressure are investigated. To validate these models, grouting data obtained from Seymareh and Aghbolagh dams were used. Calculations showed that P-3 model from Groundy and P-25 model obtained from the results of grouting in Iran yield the most accurate predictions of the pressure and measurement errors compared to the real values in P-25 model in this dams are 12 and 14.33 Percent and in p-3 model are 12.25 and 16.66 respectively. Also, SPSS software was applied to define the optimum relation for pressure estimation. The results showed a high correlation between the pressure with the depth of the section, the amount of water take, rock quality degree and grout volume, so that the square of the multiple correlation coefficient among the parameters in this dams were 0.932 and 0.864, respectively. This indicates that regression results can be used to predict the amount of pressure. Eventually, the relationship between the parameters was obtained with the correlation coefficient equal to 0.916 based on the data from both dams generally and shows that there is a desirable correlation between the parameters. The outputs of the program led to the multiple linear regression equation of P=0.403 Depth+0.013 RQD+0.011 LU-0.109 V+0.31 that can be used in estimating the pressure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.503-515
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• 2022

The permeability coefficient is an essential parameter for the study of seepage flow in fractured rock mass. This paper discusses the feasibility and application value of using readily available RQD (rock quality index) data to estimate mine water inflow and grouting quantity. Firstly, the influence of different fracture frequencies on permeability in a unit area was explored by combining numerical simulation and experiment, and the relationship between fracture frequencies and pressure and flow velocity at the monitoring point in fractured rock mass was obtained. Then, the stochastic function generation program was used to establish the flow analysis model in fractured rock mass to explore the relationship between flow velocity, pressure and analyze the universal law between fracture frequency and permeability. The concepts of fracture width and connectivity are introduced to modify the permeability calculation formula and grouting formula. Finally, based on the on-site grouting water control example, the rock mass quality index is used to estimate the mine water inflow and the grouting quantity. The results show that it is feasible to estimate the fracture frequency and then calculate the permeability coefficient by RQD. The relationship between fracture frequency and RQD is in accordance with exponential function, and the relationship between structure surface frequency and permeability is also in accordance with exponential function. The calculation results are in good agreement with the field monitoring results, which verifies the rationality of the calculation method. The relationship between the rock mass RQD index and the rock mass permeability established in this paper can be used to invert the mechanical parameters of the rock mass or to judge the permeability and safety of the rock mass by using the mechanical parameters of the rock mass, which is of great significance to the prediction of mine water inflow and the safety evaluation of water inrush disaster management.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.799-812
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• 2017

Backfill grouting and realistic convergence distribution were not properly considered in previous studies on 2D numerical analysis of a shield TBM tunnel. In this study, a modeling method was suggested to cope with this problem by considering a realistic convergence distribution and proper properties of backfill grouting. To this end, the influence of gap parameter and depth of rock cover on volume loss and composed of ground volume loss around tunnel excavation and surface volume loss were analyzed with a single layer of weathered soil. As a result, most of surface settlements were occurred immediately after excavation. Additional, as depth of rock cover and gap parameter increased, the influence range of surface settlement curves obtained from 2D numerical analyses became broader than a suggested theoretical equation. Therefore, it is inferred that gap parameter should be applied based on load distribution ratio and the property of backfill grouting properly considered for the estimation of the precise behavior of a shield TBM tunnel in 2D numerical analysis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.661-667
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• 1999

Estimation of inflow rates into subsection of a tunnel is establishing the proposed grouting part, measuring the degree of grouting, and settling the dispute over deplrtion of groundwater which may be resulted from tunneling. A current meter was used to calculate inflow rates of groundwater to each subsection of the tunnel. The study area is composed of section 1 and 2 of Imha-Youngchun waterway trnnel which has 32.976km length, with each section having 3,745m and 4,079m, respectively. The depth from groung surface to tunnel ranges from 122.45m to 358.3m. Total inflow rates of groundwater into each section measured three times by the current meter, together with bottle and eye measurement, were compared with groundwater inflow rates of each section measured by datalogger. The calcuated inflow rates of the sections by bottle and eye measurement were 8.8%∼54.7% of inflow rate (averaging 27,4%), whwewas those by the current meter were 76.9%∼110.6%(averaging 92.9%). Therfore, the current meter is regarded as useful method to calculate groundwater inflow rates into subsections of a tunnel.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.113-125
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• 1998

At the end of 1997 about 3 million tons of coal ash was produced as byproducts from the coal fired electrical power plants in Korea. Only about 27% of that byproducts was utilized as the admixtures of cement and concrete industry. But the large quantity of coal fired fly-ash has been used as the soil improvement materials in other countries. So the aim of this study is the estimation of the applicability of the coal fired fly-ash as microfine grouting materials by admixing the superfine particles which were separated from the coal fired fly-ash for the higher values. The 6 types of specimens were manufactured in the laboratory for the purpose of estimating the chemical and physical properties of cement and grouts. These specimens consisted of 2 specific surfaces of 6, 000 and 8, 000$cm^2$/g in Elaine method. And these specimens are devide into 3 ratios (30%, 50%, 70%) of fly-ash by weight. From the estimated properties of the coal fired fly-ash microflne cements and grouts, 50% fly-ash is the most suitable ratio for grouting materials. However, further study of durability is necessary for using fly-ash grouts practically at the field projects. The higher content of the unburned carbon of fly-ash increases the thinner layer of carbon on the surface of solution of grouts, and requires more quantity of surface active agent. As a results of this study, it is found that the microfine fly-ash is very useful as a good grouting material if 50% of fly-ash is added with the microfine portland cement. So, in the near future, if the coal fired fly-ash is able to be used as grouting material in Korea, the demand of fly-ash will increase rapidly.