• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to identify the effects of communication cues, anonymity, and social presence on group polarization in computer-mediated communication (CMC) settings. Extant literature has introduced some theoretical backgrounds of social presence and SIDE (Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects) to explain the effects of communication cues and anonymity. The concept of social presence emphasized the mediating role on communication cues and anonymity. However, most literature did not measure social presence and compare group polarization of all condition groups. This does not sufficiently explain the result of group polarization. Research design, data, and methodology - We believe that the direct impact of anonymity on group polarization can provide a more admissible and clearer explanation for the results. In addition, this study categorizes anonymity into two levels, as anonymity of group and anonymity of self. To justify the anonymity view, a laboratory experiment was conducted. The experiment was conducted in communication cues settings (visual cue; without visual cue) and anonymity settings (identified; anonymous). Each of the four settings has 10 groups consisting of five subjects each (total 200 subjects). The subjects are undergraduates from a large university, majoring in business. All experimental procedures and calculations of choice shift and preference change follow the literature. Results - First, the removal of visual cues does not produce a significant impact on group polarization, which cannot be explained by the social presence view. Second, the anonymous condition does not significantly affect group polarization, which also cannot be explained by the social presence view. However, the anonymous condition directly affects group polarization. Specifically, anonymity of self has a stronger effect on group polarization than anonymity of group. The result explains about the leading factor affecting group polarization. This study examines another view of how computer-mediated communication may be associated with group polarization. The process and outcome data from the experiment reveal that group polarization is not affected by level of social presence, but by level of anonymity. Group discussions conducted with visual cue CMC setting and identified CMC setting result in weaker group polarization. Conversely, group discussions conducted without visual cue CMC setting and anonymous CMC setting lead to stronger group polarization. The results of the study have the following implications. First, they provide clues for business organizations to design the most appropriate media conditions and preemptive social conditions to implement when making group decisions through CMC, to maximize achievements, generate amicable agreements, or actively share information. Second, this study can be useful in analyzing different adverse effects generated through Internet use. Conclusions - This research can help explain discussions and decision-making actions on Internet forums, which have recently increased, as well as providing a foundational basis in newly establishing policies for the forums. Finally, it should be noted that many other factors such as group size, topics, and group history may affect group polarization. These should be examined in future studies.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2016

Purpose - The objective of this study is to identify the effects of the communication cues and anonymity on group polarization in mobile communication settings, both in terms of route and extent. Research design, data and methodology - Laboratory experiments were conducted to achieve the above research objective; the effect of communication cues on group polarization with social presence as mediation and the direct effect of anonymity, social presence, and perceived cohesion were analyzed. The experiments were conducted by the participation of 240 people, who were divided into 48 groups of 5 people. Results - According to the results, the difference in intergroup polarization due to communication cues and anonymity was insignificant. From this analysis, the structural equation model, communication cues and anonymity did not affect group polarization through social presence. Moreover, anonymity did not affect group polarization through perceived cohesion; however, anonymity directly affected group polarization. Conclusions - This research can help to explain the discussions and the related decision-making actions on internet forums, which have recently come to the rise as well as provide foundational basis in newly establishing policies for the forums.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영정보학회 2007년도 International Conference
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• pp.680-689
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• 2007

The objective of this paper is to contemplate a possible alternative to the examination, published as a research article in Information Systems Research(Sia et al. 2002), of the effects of communication cues, anonymity, and social presence on group polarization in computer-mediated communication(CMC) settings. Sia et al. introduced the concept of social presence to explain the effects of communication cues and anonymity on group polarization, but we believe that anonymity alone provides a clearer explanation of the results. This paper classifies levels of anonymity to provide possible explanations for Sia et a1. (2002)'s results and presents the results of a new experiment to confirm our explanation. We also want to emphasize that our comments are not intended to disparage the usefulness of social presence as a mediating variable to explain group polarization; our intention instead IS to encourage further investigation to better understand group polarization in CMC settings.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.432-442
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• 2023

Background Macrophages play a major role in wound healing and prevent infection from the outside. Polarization conversion of macrophages regulates aspects of inflammation, and two macrophages, M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated), exist at both ends of broad-spectrum macrophage polarization. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether macrophage polarization can be artificially regulated. To this end, MgSO4 and small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting magnesium transport 1 (MAGT1) were used to investigate the effects of intracellular magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations on the differentiation of macrophages in vitro. Methods THP-1 derived macrophages maintained in a culture medium containing 5 mM MgSO4 and siRNA to inhibit the expression of MAGT1. As comparative groups, THP-1 derived macrophages polarized into M1 and M2 macrophages by treatment with M1, M2 inducer cytokine. The polarization status of each group of cells was confirmed by cell surface antigen expression and cytokine secretion. Results We found that MgSO4 treatment increased CD163 and CD206, similar to the effect noted in the M2 group. The expression of CD80 and HLA-DR was increased in the group treated with MAGT1 siRNA, similar to the effect noted in the M1 group. Functional assays demonstrated that the group treated with MgSO4 secreted higher levels of IL-10, whereas the MAGT1 siRNA-treated group secreted higher levels of IL-6 cytokines. Additionally, the conditional medium of the Mg2+ treated group showed enhanced migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Conclusion Mg2+ can help to end the delay in wound healing caused by persistent inflammation in the early stages.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2004년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.5 No.2
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• pp.615-618
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• 2004

The piezoelectricity and polarization of multilayer ceramic actuators, being designed to stack ceramic layer and electrode layer alternately, were investigated under a consideration of geometry, the thickness ratio of the ceramic layer to electrode layer The actuators were fabricated by tape-casting of $0.42PbTiO_3-0.38PbZrO_3-0.2Pb(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ followed by laminating, burn-out and co-firing process. The actuators of $5\times5mm^2$ in area were formed in a way that $60{\sim}200{\mu}m$ thick ceramics were stacked 10 times alternately with $5{\mu}m$ thick electrode. Increase in polarization and electric field-displacement with increasing thickness ratio of the ceramic/electrode layer and thickness/cross section ratio were attributed to the change of $non-180^{\circ}/180^{\circ}$ domain ratio which was affected by the interlayer internal stress and Poisson ratio of ceramic layer. The piezoelectricity and actuation behaviors were found to be dependent upon the volume ratio (or thickness ratio) of ceramic layer relative to ceramic layer. Concerning with the existence of internal stress, the field-induced polarization and deformation were described in the multilayer actuator.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.653-662
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• 2012

We evaluate the technical and organizational aspects of the severe accident management guideline (SAMG), focusing on the decision-making process in the technical support center (TSC). From the technical aspects, we conclude that the present SAMG is a good tool that can assist the TSC in efficiently managing probable severe accidents. However, we suggest that the clear separation of the emergency operating procedure (EOP) and SAMG, which shifts plant control from the main control room (MCR) to the TSC, might not be an effective framework from an organizational perspective. Studies on organizational behavior demonstrate that a group decision made under a risky situation might be polarized in either a risky or cautious way. We recognize that we cannot be free from the polarization effect since the current SAMG recommends that the TSC evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of strategies to be implemented and choose the best one based on a group decision process. Illustrative examples of accident management under risky conditions are recapitulated from previous studies of the authors and we propose that the SAMG should be more proceduralized to remove this polarization from the decision-making process.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권10호
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• pp.635-643
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• 2009

The resistance to pitting corrosion of Fe-Cr alloys was evaluated by performing potentiodynamic polarization and critical pitting temperature (CPT) tests. For the potentiodynamic polarization tests, various standards were applied, i.e., KS D 0238 (wet, dry), ASTM G 61, and ISO 17475, showing different potentiodynamic polarization results including pitting potentials. ASTM G 61 and ISO 17475 standards presented relatively higher pitting potential while KS D 0238 (dry) indicated lower values than the others. Effects of surface roughness, scan rates, and exposure time to air before tests were also investigated. CPT tests were performed under two different applied potentials, 300 m$V_{SCE}$ and 200 m$V_{SCE}$ in deaerated 1 M NaCl aqueous solution. CPT values and the polarization test results showed a linear relationship.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.180-184
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• 2008

Preliminary results are reported on ship detection using coherence images computed from crosscorrelating images of multi-look-processed dual-polarization data (HH and HV) of ENVISAT ASAR. The traditional techniques of ship detection by radars such as CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate) rely on the amplitude data, and therefore the detection tends to become difficult when the amplitudes of ships images are at similar level as the mean amplitude of surrounding sea clutter. The proposed method utilizes the property that the multi-look images of ships are correlated with each other. Because the inter-look images of sea surface are covered by uncorrelated speckle, crosscorrelation of multi-look images yields the different degrees of coherence between the images and water. The polarimetric information of ships, land and intertidal zone are first compared based on the cross-correlation between HH and HV. In the next step, we examine the technique when the dual-polarization data are split into two multi-look images.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.77-109
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• 2005

한 사회가 가지고 있는 내재적 갈등의 정도는 전통적인 소득불평등이라기보다는 양극화지수로 보다 잘 표현될 수 있다. 현 연구에서는 Esteban-Ray류의 '집단내 동질성-집단간 이질성' 접근법에 근거하여 양극화 개념을 소개하고 그들이 개발한 지수를 이용하여 외환 위기 직전인 1997년도 이래 소득분포의 양극화가 어떻게 진행되어 왔는가를 분석하였다. 주요 발견 내용을 다음과 같다. 첫째, 총가구소득을 이용하여 분석할 경우, 지니 계수로 표현되는 전통적인 소득불평등 지수와 비교하여 양극화 지수는 훨씬 빠른 속도로 증가해왔다. 이는 소득을 기준으로 볼 때 한국 사회에 잠재해 있는 사회 갈등 수준이 지니 계수로 표현되는 것보다 훨씬 심각한 속도로 증가해 왔음을 의미한다. 둘째, 최근의 외환위기 이전과 비교하여 이후에 양극화 지수의 값이 전반적으로 증가해온 것은 일차적으로 저소득층과 고소득층 사이의 소득격차가 증가해왔기 때문이지만 집단 내 (특히 저소득 집단 내) 소득격차가 줄어들었기 때문이기도 하다. 셋째, 총가구소득의 양극화는 근로소득이라기보다는 주로 비근로소득의 양극화에 의해 주도되어왔다.

• 의정연구
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.45-78
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• 2019

이 연구는 민주주의 사회에 상존하는 갈등이 양극화로 이어지는 과정을 미시적으로 검토하는 작업이다. 구체적으로 유권자들의 갈등인식과 정당에 대한 호감도 간의 관계를 규명하고자 한다. 특히, 이 관계를 결정하는 데에 유권자의 정당일체감이 주는 효과에 주목한다. 유권자들이 정파성을 띠지 않는 경우에는 여야간 갈등인식이 반드시 정당에 대한 반감으로 이어지지 않지만, 유권자들이 정파성을 띠고 있는 상황에서는 갈등인식이 상대방 정당에 대한 반감으로 이어질 것이라는 가설을 2014년 지방선거 맥락에서 구축된 설문자료를 분석하여 검증한다. 분석 결과, 정당일체감이 강한 유권자들은 갈등이 심각하다고 느낄수록 상대방 정당에 대해 부정적인 감정을 가질 뿐만 아니라, 자신이 지지하는 정당과 지지하지 않는 정당 간의 상대적 호감도에도 유의미한 차이를 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 이념적으로 양극화된 정치 환경에서 정당 간 갈등이 기존 정당에 대한 반감으로 이어져 양극화를 더욱 강화시키는 메커니즘을 이해하는 데에 도움을 준다.