• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.266-275
• /
• 2008

Purpose: This research was intended to evaluate the sedative effect of the music by measuring the anxiety-level, the pain-level, the blood pressure, and the pulse rate in patients who were going through extraction of the mandibular impacted 3rd molar. Materials and methods: Patients were selected among those who visited St. Vincent's Hospital in Suwon for the surgical extraction of 3rd molar from April to May, 2007 and were divided into two groups : the first, experimental group consisting of 32 people was going through extraction with the music and the second, control group also consisting of 32 people was going through extraction without the music. The anxiety-level was measured by filling out Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety questionnaire. The pain-level was measured by VAS (Visual analog Scale). The blood-pressure and the pulse rate were recorded at waiting period, preparation and anesthesia period, 5 minutes after anesthesia, beginning of extraction and every five minutes after extraction to the end of surgery. Results: The anxiety-level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group during the extraction procedure (p<0.01). The pain-level was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p<0.05). The mean systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group at the beginnig of extraction and 10 minutes after extraction (p<0.01, p<0.05 each). The mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group at 10 minutes after extraction (p<0.01). The mean of pulse rate was significantly lower at the beginning of extraction (p<0.05). Conclusion: The music therapy could offer not only the psychological stability but also the physiological stability during the surgical extraction of impacted 3rd molar.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.12-16
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of exposure of hydroxyapatite coating on the amount of bone formation and stability in the dogs. Methods: In this study, hydroxyapatite coated implants (HAPTITE) was placed over the femur bone surface of four dogs about 1 mm. The experimental group was divided into 4 weeks group of 8 implants and 8 weeks group of 8 implants, and then they were sacrificed. The stability of implants was evaluated twice with Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor (Osstell AB, Goteborg, Sweden) at right after placement and sacrifice. The amount of bone formation was evaluated through histomorphometric examination. Results: The stability of implants was in normal range, and tended to increase as time goes by. Mean percentages of new bone formation rates were $90.5{\pm}6.6$ at uppermost 1 mm bone level adjacent to soft tissues (level 1) and $92.9{\pm}4.1$ at next 1 mm bone level (level 2) in 4 weeks group, $90.1{\pm}11.5$ at level 1 and $95.9{\pm}2.3$ at level 2 in 8 weeks group. Mean percentages of bone-implant contact rates were $85.1{\pm}10.8$ at level 1 and $88.1{\pm}13.8$ at level 2 in 4 weeks group, $88.5{\pm}14.4$ at level 1 and $95.3{\pm}3.1$ at level 2 in 8 weeks group. There was no statistically significant difference of new bone formation rate and bone-implant contact rate between uppermost 1 mm bone level adjacent to soft tissues and next 1 mm bone level. However, there was no significant difference in bone formation between 4 and 8 weeks groups. Conclusion: These results suggested that exposed hydroxyapatite coated implants to soft tissue showed favorable bone formation and implant stability.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.408-417
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the influence of the nurse staffing level on the level of in-hospital death and infection in cancer patients who received surgery. Secondary data were used and the subjects of this study were 24,510 patients who received surgery for six types of cancer with a high postoperative mortality rate in the first half of 2012 at 260 hospitals. Simple logistic and GEE multiple logistic regression analyses were used. After adjusting for the patient and hospital characteristics, a greater likelihood of dying was found in the nurse staffing level 2-3 group (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-2.11) and in the level 6-7 group (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 1.87-5.74) compared to the level 0-1 group. The likelihood of in-hospital infection increased with each additional bed per nurse, being 6.63 times higher (95% CI, 3.00-14.62) in the level 2-3 group, 5.79 times higher (95% CI, 1.88-17.78) in the level 4-5 group, and 8.4 times higher (95% CI, 1.82-38.84) in the level 6-7 group, as compared to the level 0-1 group. A lower nurse staffing level was associated with higher in-hospital death and infection levels. This shows that an appropriate nurse staffing level is associated with superior postoperative cancer patient outcomes. Policies for providing adequate nurse staffing should be maintained for the sake of ensuring improved care quality and patient safety.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.57-69
• /
• 2020

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of ChondroT in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury rat model. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to intact, control Joins, Celebrex, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200. Indomethacin (25 mg/kg) was used to induce damage to the gastric mucosal injury. ChondroT was administered by orally to inhibit the indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury. At the end of the experiment, pH level in stomach, stomach contents volume, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes were measured. Ophthalmologic and histopathological examination was also analyzed. Results pH level in stomach and Stomach contents volume had no difference between Control, PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group. TNF-α level was decreased in PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group and there were no significant difference. IL-1β level was decreased in PC-Joins group and ChondroT200 group compared to control group. PGE2 level had no significant difference between Control, PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group. MPO level and complete blood count level were decreased in PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200. Symptom score of ophthalmologic examination was decreased in ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group compared to control group. Conclusion Based on these results, It could be suggested that ChondroT was effective in reducing damage to the gastric mucosal injury. And further study is needed to conduct a rigorous clinical research.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to offer the fundamental data for preventing and controlling the cardiovascular diseases of rural community women. The number of 168 women aged 40 to 50s who live in Kumsan-gun, Chungnam were selected for analysis after medical examination by a Kumsan-gun health center during the period of November to December in 1996. Total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), blood pressure(BP), degree of obesity(BMI) and atherosclerosis index(AI) were measured and relation between these physical measurements to serum lipid levels were studied. The results were as follows; 1. Mean TC level, TG level, BP, BMI and AI were significantly increased with advancing age. 2. Mean TC level, TG level, BMI and AI of borderline BP group and hypertension group were significantly increased than those of normal BP group. 3. Mean TC level, TG level and AI of obesity group were significantly increased than those of normal BMI group. 4. Simple correlation analysis showed that the positive correlation between TC, TG, BP, BMI and AI, but the level of HDL-C was negative correlation with TG and AI. 5. In multiple regression analysis taking HDL-C level as the dependent variable and TG, TC, BP, BMI, Age AI as the independent variable, AI, TG, BMI, TC were significantly related to HDL-C.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.2
• /
• pp.237-266
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences of application level the computer programming languages in major. The method of this study is the empirical method based on theoretical one with the previous bibliographical suduies. The sample consists of 268 listed university disclosing over the period of Dec. 1. 1997 to Du. 15. 1997. The samples were 10 university in university of Seoul, Pusan, Masan City, Korea. The data were collected by questionnaire research through interview with each person. The analysis data was carried to 268 samples by using SPSS/PC for Windows Version 7.5 statistical package. Statistical methods such as frequency analysis, chi-square test, ANOVA test, correlation analysis were used to test the research questions. This paper focuses on the design of the hypothesis test show that the 2 type are significantly different in major of university students. Before the test of research questions performed it frequency analysis by using the factor score that bring each items. The research type of 2 guoups, that is, BA Group(business administration group) and NBA Group(non-business administration guoup). To summarize the result of this study is as follows ; (1) Hypothesis 1 : Concerning about computer programming language in major, the significant difference is application the present condition. (2) Hypothesis 2 : Concerning about computer programming language in major, the significant difference is application level. (3) Hypothesis 3 : Concerning about each application software in major, the significant difference is application level. According to the results of this study, it is found that (1) Hypothesis 1 related In application the present condition of computer programming language was accepted its all at 0.05 % significance level. (2) Hypothesis 2 related to application level of computer programming language was accepted its all at 0.05 % significance level. (3) Hypothesis 3 related to application level of each application software was rejected its all. at 0.05 % significance level.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.155-172
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the later personality adjustment types and the elderly percepted conflict with their married children. The subjects for this study are the aged over 60 years in Seoul both having the eldest sons' couples and perceiving their own economics level as the middle-upper. The results based on this are as followed: 1) The Active Integrated Coper is appeared in the higher educational level group in the better health condition in the 11-30 thousand won of personal expense in the professional and management occupation and in the more vigorous for social activity. The Failing Overcoper the Dependent Passive Coper and the Self-negating Undercoper is appeared in th female elder group in the later group of the older age in the lower educational level in the worse health condition in the group without spouse in one without income in the below 10 thousand won in the less preparation for the later life. 2) The problems of emotion and iew of values bring about the conflicts between them and theirs rather than the financial problem. when they are in the worse health condition in the group without religion in the group not cohabiting their eldest sons' couples and in the group not well-prepared for their later life as the socio-demographic variables the old recognized the seriousness of the conflict with their eldest sons' couples. 3) The lower the Active Integrated Coper is and the higher the Failing Overcoper is the more intense the conflict between them and their eldest sons' couples is. 4) The t-test to examine the difference in the old's conflict with their eldest sons' couples among the later groups shows that it is in the less the Active Integrated Coper and in the more the Failing Overcoper that the conflict is more surfaced. 5) The educational level the level of the later life preparation the contact frequency with their daughter the level of their social activity as the socio-demographic variables and the Failing Overcoper as the later personality adjustment type answer for 22 percentage of the conflict.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.181-200
• /
• 2007

Objevtives & Methods : Effects of cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 on lipid composition, cytokine level, liver function, anti-oxidative capacity and histological characters were investigated in diet-induced obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 400g were divided into 4 groups of control, BL18, LI11 and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups and raised for 4 weeks. Results : 1. Plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, free fatty acids level and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels significantly decreased in the pharmacopuncture groups compared to those of no treatment group. Plasma and liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were also significantly lower than those of no treatment group. There was, however, no difference in TBARS level among pharmacopuncture groups. Liver total cholesterol level of BL18 pharmacopuncture group was lower than those of the other two pharmacopuncture groups. In LDL-cholesterol level, BL18 pharmacopuncture and BL18 plus LI11 pharmacopuncture groups only had significantly lower levels than that of no treatment group. 2. There was no significant difference between cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture groups and no treatment group in IL-6, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartic acid transaminase (AST) levels. 3. Compared with \ those of no treatment group, pharmacopuncture groups had significantly higher levels of HDL-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase activities. There was, however, no significant difference among pharmacopuncture groups. 4. Histological characters of heart, kidney and liver of BL18 pharmacopuncture group were similar to those of normal rats. Conclusions : These results indicate that cultivated wild ginseng pharmacopuncture at BL18 and LI11 may suppress adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation and activate antioxidant system.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.68-86
• /
• 2007

This study was performed to explore the effect of customer satisfaction and switching barriers on customer royalties in medical services. 900 households, 1% sample were randomly selected from K city located in Kangwon province. Interview survey was performed with structured questionnaire for the entire people, 923 persons who experienced medical service utilization during one year before survey on time, september, 2002. In comparison of switching barriers by sociodemographic characteristics, lower income group and lower educated group showed the higher level of recognition level on availability of changing the service provider significantly. In terms of economic loss as one of switching barriers, the group of over aged 61, the lower income group and the lower educated group felt higher than other groups. Also, the time loss of switching barrier was recognized in 41-60 aged group and employee in service industry highly. For the perceived risk factor as another switching barrier, the high educated group showed the higher recognition level in performance risk and felt higher social risk than other groups. In analysis of customer satisfaction and loyalty levels by switching barrier components, the lower level of availability of changing the service provider and the higher level of recognition for economic and time loss, they showed the higher satisfaction and loyalty levels. In final step, multiple regression analysis showed the positive relationship between customer satisfaction, switching barrier and customer loyalties. Besides, the moderating effect of switching barrier in relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalties was significant and this results suggests that the influence of customer satisfaction to customer loyalties might be weakened in high level of recognition for switching barrier. In conclusion, perceived risk of economic and time loss as switching barrier is an important factor and should be considered in planning of marketing strategy carefully in terms of defensive marketing.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.346-356
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of various canal filling methods. Palatal roots of ninety extracted human maxillary molar teeth were resected at cementoenamel junction. Eighty of them were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, ten were served as positive and negative controls. All canals were prepared to # 40 using Profile. Experimental groups were obturated by lateral condensation technique, Thermafil technique, Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique, and down-pack & back-fill technique of Obtura-II, each with root canal sealer. Control groups were not obturated. Teeth were immersed in resorcinol-formaldehyde resin for 5 days at $4^{\circ}C$, and the resin was allowed to polymerize completely for 4 days at room temperature. Teeth were then ground horizontally at 1.5mm(level 1), 2.5mm(level 2), 3.5 mm(level 3) from the anatomical apex and examined with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}40$ magnification. The gap between the canal wall and the filling material, which was filled with the resin, was measured at each of the three levels. Each ratio of leakage was obtained by calculating the ratio of the area of the resin to the total area of the canal and was analyzed statistically (Rank-sum test). The results were as follows : 1. At the level 1, there was the greatest leakage in the Thermafil group and Obtura-II group, and the difference between the Obtura-II group and Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique group was statistically significant(p<0.05). 2. At the level 2, there was the least leakage in the Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique group, but there was no statistically significant difference between each group (p>0.05). 3. At the level 3, there was no statistically significant difference between each group(p>0.05).