• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1998년도 21세기 한반도 농업전망과 대책(한국작물학회.한국육종학회 공동주관 심포지움 회보)
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• pp.313-335
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• 1998

If the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases double, the annual temperature increase in mean surface temperature relative to 1990 will be about 2.0 to $2.5^{\circ}C$ and the annual precipitation increase about $15{\%}$ by 2100 in Korea. When the temperature rises $2^{\circ}C$, the annual temperature will be $13^{\circ}C,\;15^{\circ}C,\;and\;16^{\circ}C$ in Western Central, Yeongnam Basin, and Southern Coastal respectively. Consequently the crop period could be prolonged $10{\~}29$ days. In the case of gradual global warming, annual crops could be adapted to the changed environment by breeding, and the perennial crops should be shifted to ether area. If global warming happens suddenly over the threshold of atmospheric greenhouse gases concentration, then we shall have disturbance of ecosystem. When $2^{\circ}C$ higher than present, the optimum flowering date of rice plant delayed about 10 days, so it may not possible to adopt the fate with present japonica rices, therefore, the recommended characteristics of rice varieties are longer basic vegetative period, more late maturing and higher ripening temperature. Barley and wheat crops could be shifted to northern coastal areas and apple production areas should be shifted to those areas under $13.5^{\circ}C$ in annual mean temperature at global warming. Ideotypes of crops under climate changes should have such ecological characteristics that are indispensable to accomplish the sustainable agriculture under increased $CO_{2}$ and temperature condition as the diversification of genetic resources from yield-oriented to biomass-oriented characteristics with the higher potentials of $CO_{2}$ absorption and Primary production. In addition, a heat-tolerance, a pest resistance, an environmental adaptability and a production stability should be also incorporated collectively into our integrated agroecosystem.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.53-78
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• 2013

Methane carbon dioxide reforming (MCDR) is a promising way of utilizing greenhouse gas for hydrogen-rich fuel production. Compared with other types of reactors, Compact Reformers (CRs) are efficient for fuel processing. In a CR, a thin solid plate is placed between two porous catalyst layers to enable efficient heat transfer between the two catalyst layers. In this study, the physical and chemical processes of MCDR in a CR are studied numerically with a 2D numerical model. The model considers the multi-component gas transport and heat transfer in the fuel channel and the porous catalyst layer, and the MCDR reaction kinetics in the catalyst layer. The finite volume method (FVM) is used for discretizing the governing equations. The SIMPLEC algorithm is used to couple the pressure and the velocity. Parametrical simulations are conducted to analyze in detail the effects of various operating/structural parameters on the fuel processing behavior.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.291-308
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• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCA of cherry-tomato production system. I have case study in cultivate cherry tomato (1 kg) calculate in carbon foot print. LCA carried out to estimate carbon foot print and to establish of LCI (life cycle inventory) database of cherry tomato production system. The data is from Research of Farmer's income in 2007 (RDA, 2008), and used Pass (4.1.3) program. The value of fertilizer, amount of pesticide input were show the environmental effect and direct emission. Carbon foot printing in agriculture guarantee the choice right th consumer th choose the row carbon goods. Its can make to strengthen of agriculture and food industry's reduction effort of $CO_2$. Nowadays consumer request food's safety and environment friendly process. Carbon foot printing needs consumer's relief and incentives.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2024

Decentralized energy production without greenhouse gas emissions from renewable energy sources despite their advantage and environmental impact suffers from the problem of intermittent and fluctuating supply depending on weather conditions. To overcome this problem, energy storage is essential to enable reliable and continuous supply of the load. Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy storage solutions because it is easily transportable and can be used as fuel or as a raw material for the production of other chemicals.In this article, we will focus on hydrogen energy storage techniques using photovoltaic systems. We will review the different types of hydrogen storage structuresfor several applications, including residential and commercial buildings, as well as industry and transportation (electric vehicles using PEFMC fuel cells).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Hydrogen and electricity are expected to dominate the world energy system in the long term. The world currently consumes about 50 million metric tons of hydrogen per year, with the bulk of it being consumed by the chemical and refining industries. The demand for hydrogen is expected to increase, especially if the U.S. and other countries shift their energy usage towards a hydrogen economy, with hydrogen consumed as an energy commodity by the transportation, residential and commercial sectors. However, there is strong motivation to not use fossil fuels in the future as a feedstock for hydrogen production, because the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is a byproduct and fossil fuel prices are expected to increase significantly. An advanced reactor technology receiving considerable international interest for both electricity and hydrogen production, is the modular helium reactor (MHR), which is a passively safe concept that has evolved from earlier high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) designs. For hydrogen production, this concept is referred to as the H2-MHR. Two different hydrogen production technologies are being investigated for the H2-MHR; an advanced sulfur-iodine (SI) thermochemical water splitting process and high-temperature electrolysis (HTE). This paper describes pre-conceptual design descriptions and economic evaluations of full-scale, nth-of-a-kind SI-Based and HTE-Based H2-MHR plants. Hydrogen production costs for both types of plants are estimated to be approximately $2 per kilogram.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2014

Many studies on methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock industries have revealed that livestock production directly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through enteric fermentation and manure management, which causes negative impacts on animal environment sustainability. In the present study, three essential values for GHG emission were measured; i.e., i) maximum $CH_4$ producing capacity at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$) from anaerobically stored manure in livestock category ($B_{0,KM}$, Korean livestock manure for $B_0$), ii) $EF_{3(s)}$ value representing an emission factor for direct $N_2O$ emissions from manure management system S in the country, kg $N_2O-N$ kg $N^{-1}$, at mesophilic ($37^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) temperatures, and iii) $N_{ex(T)}$ emissions showing annual N excretion for livestock category T, kg N $animal^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$, from different livestock manure. Static incubation with and without aeration was performed to obtain the $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions from each sample, respectively. Chemical compositions of pre- and post- incubated manure were analyzed. Contents of total solids (% TS) and volatile solid (% VS), and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) decrease significantly in all the samples by C-containing biogas generation, whereas moisture content (%) and pH increased after incubation. A big difference of total nitrogen content was not observed in pre- and post-incubation during $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. $CH_4$ emissions (g $CH_4$ kg VS-1) from all the three manures (sows, layers and Korean cattle) were different and high C/N ratio resulted in high $CH_4$ emission. Similarly, $N_2O$ emission was found to be affected by % VS, pH, and temperature. The $B_{0,KM}$ values for sows, layers, and Korean cattle obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ are 0.0579, 0.0006, and 0.0828 $m^3$ $CH_4$ kg $VS^{-1}$, respectively, which are much less than the default values in IPCC guideline (GL) except the value from Korean cattle. For sows and Korean cattle, $N_{ex(T)}$ values of 7.67 and 28.19 kg N $yr^{-1}$, respectively, are 2.5 fold less than those values in IPCC GL as well. However, $N_{ex(T)}$ value of layers 0.63 kg N $yr^{-1}$ is very similar to the default value of 0.6 kg N $yr^{-1}$ in IPCC GLs for National greenhouse gas inventories for countries such as South Korea/Asia. The $EF_{3(s)}$ value obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ were found to be far less than the default value.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2012

국가의 온실가스 감축목표를 달성하기 위한 방안으로 온실가스 목표관리제를 시행하고 있다. 온실가스 감축목표를 달성하기 위해서는 온실가스 인벤토리가 구축되어야 하며, 효과적인 온실가스 감축 수단을 도출하기 위해서는 온실가스 배출 특성을 분석해야 한다. 국내외에서는 온실가스 배출 및 에너지 사용 특성을 분석하기 위한 방법론으로 로그평균디비지아지수(LMDI: Log Mean Divisia Index) 분석 기법이 자주 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 온실가스 배출특성을 LMDI 분석 방법론을 통해 전환효과, 원단위효과, 생산효과, 거리효과 등의 4가지 요인으로 나누어 분석하였다. 분석 대상은 한국철도공사가 관리하는 광역철도 및 도시철도를 대상으로 하였으며, 자료의 분석 기간은 2000년부터 2007년까지로 설정하였다. 분해분석결과 2000년과 2007년 사이의 철도수송에 따른 온실가스 배출량의 총효과는 96,813톤$CO_2eq$으로 나타났다. 철도 수송에 따른 온실가스 배출량 증가에 영향을 미치는 효과는 생산효과와 거리효과로 나타났으며, 온실가스 배출량 감소에 영향을 미치는 효과는 전환효과와 원단위효과로 나타났다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 온실작물 생육에 적절한 미기상환경을 제공하기 위한 최적의 조건을 찾아내기 위하여 TRNSYS 프로그램을 이용하여 온실의 구조 및 환경인자와 에너지공급기술들에 대하여 시뮬레이션을 실시한 연구논문들을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 온실에너지 관리를 위해 사용되고 있는 여러 가지 에너지시스템과 기술들에 관하여 검토하고 이들에 대해 TRNSYS 시뮬레이션을 통해 실시한 효율분석에 관하여 검토하는 것이다. 사용가능한 에너지자원과 다양한 외부기상조건에 따른 에너지절감기술들의 성능을 분석하기 위한 여러가지 시뮬레이션 모델들에 대해서도 검토하였다. 사용자가 정의하는 인자들을 사용하여 하이브리드 농업시설을 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 TRNSYS 프로그램의 주요 구조들을 찾아내었다. 문헌검토에서 얻어진 결과를 토대로 TRNSYS 프로그램을 이용하여 온실의 에너지관리를 위한 시뮬레이션 모델을 개발하는데 필요한 몇 가지 중요한 결론들을 도출하였다. TRNSYS 프로그램은 앞으로 온실의 에너지 시뮬레이션을 수행하는데 크게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2009

공기유동 제어기술의 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공 할 목적으로 토마토 재배 온실의 냉난방과 환기 및 공기유동 관련 실태를 조사하고, 온실유형과 난방방식별 온습도 분포를 실측하여 균일도를 분석하였다. 충남 부여 세도지역의 토마토 재배 온실 136농가를 대상으로 조사한 결과 대부분을 차지하는 단동 플라스틱 온실의 천창 설치 비율이 낮고 환기팬과 유동팬 설치비율도 매우 낮을 뿐만 아니라 설치제원도 편차가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 아치형 단동 플라스틱온실의 천창 환기 구조의 개발보급과 연동곡부의 천창도 지붕상부로 이동시킬 필요가 있으며, 개별 천창구조 및 환기팬과 유동팬에 대한 설치 가이드라인의 제정이 요구된다. 냉방설비를 설치한 농가는 하나도 없었으며 난방방식의 대부분을 차지하는 온풍난방에서 덕트의 설치제원 역시 편차가 큰 것으로 나타났고, 온풍덕트의 배기풍속 및 배기온도 또한 거리에 따른 편차가 매우 큰 것으로 관측되었다. 수출경쟁력 화보를 위한 고품질의 생산물을 연중 안정적으로 생산하기 위해서는 온실냉방기술의 보급이 절실하며 난방방식이나 덕트설치 방식의 개선이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 온실내 온습도 분포가 균일한지 여부를 판단하는 지표로 사용되고 있는 최대 편차와 실제 균등한 정도를 나타낼 수 있는 균일도와의 관계를 분석해 본 결과 높은 상관관계를 보였으나 주간에는 직선식으로 야간에는 2차 곡선식으로 다르게 표현되었다. 온습도 분포의 균일한 정도를 판정할 수 있는 객관적인 기준이 마련된다면 최대편차 대신 균일도를 지표로 사용하는 것이 더 합리적일 것으로 판단된다. 온실유형과 난방방식에 따라 온 습도분포의 균일도가 상당히 다른 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 야간에는 온수난방의 경우 이랑배관으로, 온풍난방의 경우 온풍덕트의 적절한 배치를 통하여, 주간에는 환기와 공기유동을 통하여 균일도를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2019

Increasing crop production with the same amount of resources is essential for enhancing the economy in agriculture. The first prerequisite is to understand relationships between the resources. The concept of WEF (Water-Energy-Food) nexus analysis was first introduced in 2011, which helps to interpret inter-linkages among the resources and stakeholders. The objective of this study was to analyze energy-water nexus in greenhouse cultivation by estimating reference evapotranspiration and heating load. For the estimation, this study used the physical model to simulate the inside temperature of the agricultural greenhouse using heating, solar radiation, ventilated and transferred heat losses as input variables. For estimating reference evapotranspiration and heating load, Penman-Monteith equation and seasonal heating load equation with HDH (Heating Degree-Hour) was applied. For calibration and validation of simulated inside temperature, used were hourly data observed from 2011 to 2012 in multi-span greenhouse. Results of the simulation were evaluated using $R^2$, MAE and RMSE, which showed 0.75, 2.22, 3.08 for calibration and 0.71, 2.39, 3.35 for validation respectively. When minimum setting temperature was $12^{\circ}C$ from 2013 to 2017, mean values of evapotranspiration and heating load were 687 mm/year and 2,147 GJ/year. For $18^{\circ}C$, Mean values of evapotranspiration and heating load were 707 mm/year and 5,616 GJ/year. From the estimation, the relationship between water and heat energy was estimated as 1.0~2.6 GJ/ton. Though additional calibrations with different types of greenhouses are necessary, the results of this study imply that they are applicable when evaluating resource relationship in the greenhouse cultivation complex.