• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.635-646
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• 2004

Chronic outbreaks of green tide in the Nakdong estuary toll a heavy socioeconomic cost. The paper investigates the influence of sediments on the nitrogen eutrophication, being claimed as the primary cause of green tide. To measure the flux of nitrate at the sediments-water interface, sediment cores were taken in Jan., Mar., May and Sep., 2000 at Noksan located in the West-Nakdong river estuary. The dissolved oxygen was profiled and then the pore water was extracted in situ. Core samples were analyzed for their textural characteristics. Cores were incubated by a novel technique to measure the fluxes of nitrate $(NO_3^-)$ and ammonia $(NH_4^+)$ at the sediment-water interface. The dissolved oxygen was depleted usually within several millimeters in the top sediments. Nitrate started to decrease drastically at the layer where dissolved oxygen was nearly depleted. Nitrate was also exhausted within several centimeters, followed by ammonia build up rapidly. The flux at the sediments-water interface calculated from the pore water concentrations revealed that nitrate was removed from the water column into the sediments. The sediment incubation experiment confirmed the above result. On the other hand ammonia were released from the sediment to the water column. As the incubation went on, however, the nitrate concentration in the overlying water was dropped below that of a top sediment. Then the flux is reversed, i.e., nitrate was released from the sediments to the water column. The implication is that the sediment can supply nitrate to the water column if it falls below a certain level. Thus it is likely that sediments in the eutrophicated river buffers the nitrate concentration in the water column, which leads to a prolonged green tide.

• Korean Architects
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• s.494
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• pp.92-96
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• 2010

• Water for future
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.28-33
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• 2013

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2017

Coccoid green algae collected from March to November 2015 from 79 freshwater ecosystem sites throughout South Korea, including lakes, ponds, swamps, streams, and rivers, were identified using light microscopy. A total of 218 taxa were identified, among which 11 were new species records in Korea; these 11 species were found at four sites (Hanagang River, Chukdong reservoir, Chukdong fishery, and Deokjin reservoir). The new species recorded were Fotterella tetrachlorelloides, Trochiscia naumannii, Keriochlamys styriaca, Placosphaera opaca, Siderocystopsis fusca, Siderocelis oblonga, Siderocelis estheriana, Pachycladella umbrina, Pachycladella zatoriensis, Crucigenia mucronata and Scenedesmus sempervirens.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.643-655
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• 2011

This study addresses the periphytons along the Bukhan river stream and examines the biological indices that represents the river and estimate water quality assessment. Bukhan river in 4 major watershed streams (Bukchon-Hangeychon, Narinchon, Inbukchon, and Soyang river) was selected in 9 points. Land use pattern along the streams showed marked differenced in agriculture areas and forest areas. Lower Soyang streams showed blue-green algae and green algae also appeared in evenly pattern. Thus, the pollution source, biomass and distribution are somewhat correlated, and BOD, SS, biodiversity, and evenness showed a similar pattern. This situation can lead to conclusion of oligotrophic lake with good condition. Therefore, current biological index and is not so desirable for stream degree standard water quality and nutrient level.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1499-1509
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• 2016

This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was $444.05m^3/year$, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2004

Newly revised Urban Park Act and Land Planning Law are evaluated. Through exploring their functions and limits. Critical guidelines for Green Space Preservation and Planning Law are suggestec. The following is the summary of the findings: 1. New urban and regina! planning system has the foundation for green space plannig expressed as environmental planning, green space planning, landscape planning and park planning. 2. New Urban park act broadens and diversifies the range of urban park and green space(eg, stream and river, road, detention pond etc.) 3. The Urban Natural park items are removed because of long tenn unconstructed urban facilities and the new concept of 'Urban Park Zone' are inserted. And Green Space Preservation District and Urban Greening District's were introduced. And system of Contract of green space utilization and Agreement of Greening were adapted. 4. There exists new emerging needs for establishment of comprehensive green space preservation and planning law. 5. And the green space system can be classified to preservation system, recreation system and scenery system .. 6. The types of proposed green space planning are regional green space plg. urban green space plg, and district unit green space plg.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2 s.109
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to classify zones disrupting green spaces in city and to evaluate of their grades. The results are as follows; L There were 158 green spaces in Dalsu-gu. The 158 green spaces were classified 4 patterns and minutely classified into 9 types. The area of the 'nature park' type was turned out to be $70.1\%$ of the total area of green spaces in Dalsu-gu, then the type was considered as a important part of the green-network in Dalsu-gu. The 9 types such as 'nature park', 'river', 'neighborhood park' and so on were analysed with ecological indexes. 2. Based on the ecological indexes of 'ratio of the green space', 'features of the surrounding matrix' and 'travel distance of the wildlives' , zones disrupting green spaces were ranging widely and re-divided to 236 sectors. 3. The analysis results for classifying the grades were that grade I appeared over industrial complex and housing complex widely. On the other side, grade II and III appeared around or between nature park and neighboring park Consequently, it was necessary to consider the grade and make zones disrupting green spaces into green space for improving green network.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2009

The Government declared 'Low-Carbon Green Growth' as the new national vision for future development to improve economic growth and quality of life through higher energy efficiency, less energy consumption, wider use of renewable energy, etc. Korea can no longer delay participating in international efforts against global warming by reducing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. Thus low-carbon green growth is not a matter of choice, and it becomes indispensible to sustaining the nation's economic development. The Government is determined to take the initiative in speeding up economic recovery by carrying out the large scale investment projects such as the Korean version of a 'Green New Deal. The 49 trillion-won projects include river improvement, eco-friendly transportation networks, advanced information infrastructure, water resources & dam construction, green cars & clean energy development, etc. which will create nearly one million new jobs over the next four years.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.49-53
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to consider the idea and the background of the establishment of master plans for parks and green spaces of metropolis in Japan, China and Korea after a careful comparative review of layout planning of green areas, plan objectives, future images and main measures. The method of study is the analysis of the control and plans in these three countries. The study reveals the characteristic of each plan as follows: 1) the conservation and revitalization of the shape of land and the river system in Tokyo; 2) the materialization of ideal green spaces in Beijing, the combination of the ring green and the radial layout of parks and green spaces; 3) the combination of cruciform greenery and the utilized existing public open spaces in Seoul. The result also shows that these cities have the different development of projects but face the common challenges.