• Applied Microscopy
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.349-367
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• 1996

The development of small granule-containing cell in the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm crown rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cells, primitive neuroblasts, and unmyelinated nerve fibers together with blood vessels. At 90 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cell, small granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Two morphological types of the small granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first indentified at 90 mm fetus, but were rare. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary and had long processes, whereas type II cells tend to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. The granule-containing cells were characterized by the presence of dense-cored vesicles ranging from $150{\sim}300nm$ in diameter in both the cell bodies and processes. Other organelles included abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and widely distributed ribosomes. The granule-containing cells had long processes similar to those found in principal ganglionic cells. They could be identified by their content in dense-cored vesicles. The small granule-containing cells increased somewhat in size and number with increase of fetal age. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma and processes of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon terminals were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of granule-containing cells and presumed dendrite of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm onward. On the basis of these features type I granule-containing cells could be considered as interneurons. The clusters of type II granule-containing cells were located in the interstitial or subcapsular portions of the ganglion, and had short processes which ended in close relation to fenestrated capillaries. Therefore it may be infer that clusters of type II granule-containing cells have an endocrine function.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.9-15
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• 1984

제제형태(製劑形態)에 따른 carbofuran의 수중용출속도와 토양중 잔류소장(殘留消長)을 조사하기 위하여 재결정 하여 정제한 carbofuran 원제와 시판(市販) sand-coated granule 및 실험실에서 립상(粒狀)규조토를 담체(擔體)로 제조한 impregnated granule을 공시(供試)하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Carbofuran의 수중용출속도는 원제impregnated granule> sand-coated granule 순(順)이었으며 3-hydroxy carbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran의 잔류기간도 입제 처리가 원제 처리시 보다 더 길었다. 또한 토양별로 보면 담수 사양토가 비담수 양토에서 보다 carbofuran과 그의 두 대사산물인 3-hydroxy carbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran의 잔류기간이 짧았는데 이는 담수 여부가 토양 중 carbofuran의 분해에 주요한 인자임이 증명되었다. 3) 두 종류의 carbofuran 입제 처리시 3-hydroxycarbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran이 최고 농도에 이르는 기간은 각각 $40{\sim}80$일, $20{\sim}40$일 소요되었으며 입제의 종류별로 보면 impregnated granule 처리가 sandcoated granule 처리보다 3-hydroxy carbofuran과 3-keto carbofuran의 잔류기간이 짧았다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to confirm the effect of the type of dissolution media and paddle speed on nifedipine (ND) release profile from osmotic granule and the storage stability. Osmotic granule was manufactured by fluidized bed coating method. At each coating step, morphology of osmotic granule was differed. The size of osmotic granule was $750\;{\mu}m$ at 3 wt% membrane thickness. ND release was changed in diverse dissolution media, paddle speed. ND release is governed by not only osmotic pressure but diffusion from osmotic granule. ND release from osmotic granule decreased as storage period increased. These may be caused by liquid excipient which has low molecular weight. Storage stability of osmotic granule could be improved by removing liquid excipient from semipermeable membrane.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2006

Precision farming has been known as an environment friendly farming technology. This study was conducted to develop a variable-rate granule fertilizer applicator as an attempt for introducing the precision farming technologies to rice cultivation in Korea. In this paper, concept design process and manufacturing of prototype variable rate granule applicator was reported. For concept design, some design guide lines were selected. Based on the design guide line and some engineering knowledge, concept design was conducted. The designed prototype granule applicator was mounted at the rear of riding type cultivator for paddy field and had a 10m wide boom structure with pneumatic conveying and application system as well as 1GPS receiver, 1 granule hopper, 12 blow heads, 2 metering devices and 1 controller. The fertilizer applicator had 942 ka of weight, 740m of ground clearance and 1,117mm of center of gravity from the ground. The applicator was designed to be able to $34{\sim}428kg/ha$ of granule at $0.2{\sim}0.8m/s$ of fertilizer working speed.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.247-251
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• 2005

아가리쿠스버섯의 약효성분으로 고형 음용차를 제조하기 위하여 건 버섯을 열수추출, 에탄올 침전, 투석, 동결건조 등의 처리를 행하여 단백다당체를 분리하고 부형제로 dextrin(DE=9, DE=23) 및 ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin(CD)을 각각 첨가하여 분무건조한 후 압출하여 과립을 제조한 다음 부형제의 종류에 따른 과립의 품질특성을 조사 비교하였다. 과립의 수분함량은 DE=9 첨가구에서 가장 높았고, 총당 함량은 ${\beta}$-CD, DE=23, DE=9 첨가구 순이었으나, pH와 단백질함량은 부형제에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. L값은 DE=9, ${\beta}$-CD, DE=23 첨가구 순이었고, -a값은 부형제간 거의 차이가 없었으며, b값은 ${\beta}$-CD 첨가구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 과립의 용해도는 DE=9보다 DE=23과 ${\beta}$-CD 첨가구에서 높았으며 두 종류의 부형제간 차이는 보이지 않았다. 흡습성은 ${\beta}$-CD 첨가구에서 가장 크게 나타났으며 DE=9 첨가구에서 가장 적게 나타났다. 관능검사 결과 종합적인 기호도는 ${\beta}$-CD가 가장 우수하였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

성숙하고 정상인 포유류 6종의 동물들을 이용하여 위에 분포하는 비만세포의 형태와, 세포내 과립의 구조적 형태의 종간차이를 비교하고자 전자현미경으로 관찰을 하였다. 저자는 특히 관찰된 세포질내 과립을 편의상 다음과 같이 분류하였다. 1) 동질성 과립 (homogeneous granule, GR1) 2) 미세 입자과립 (particulate granule, GR2) a. 고전자밀도 미세 입자과립 (dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1) b. 중전자밀도 미세 입자과립 (less dense particulate graunle, GR2-2) 3) 망상구조과립 (reticular granule, GR5) a, 고전자말도 망상구조과립(dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1) b. 저전자밀도 망상구조과립(light dense reticular granule, GR5-2) 포유류인 염소, 개, 고양이, 햄스터에서는 대부분 세포질내 소기관중 골지체 및 사립체가 나타났으며 세포질내 과립의 대부분이 전자밀도가 높은 동질성인 것 (GR1)과 미세입자형으로 된 것 (GR2)이 나타났다. 그러나 Guinea pig에서는 망상구조형의 과립들 (GR5-1, GR5-2)이 나타났다. 또한 개와 Guinea pig 에서 과립의 한쪽이 함몰되었거나 반월형인 것이 나타났다. 위 결과로 보아 표유류 각 종 간의 비만세포, 세포내 과립은 형태학적으로 차이가 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이러한 차이는 아마도 종 간의 기능에 따른 과립의 구조적 차이와 구성성분 및 성숙도등과 상관관계가 있는 것으로 추측된다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권22호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

The replica experiment of golden bell excavated from the East Three-Story Pagoda at the Gamunsa temple was carried out in order to know the handiwork technique of ancient granule. The size of 0.3mm granule was attached to the golden bell which was 3.4mm bell body by soldering. When we tried to attach the granule by a modern metalwork, we could know that this technique was hard to make the replica bell. We could prove how to adhere strongly to the golden granule by tension testing. First of all, we made the soldering of the same composition as the golden bell excavated from the Gamunsa temple and then prepared specimens for testing to measure the tension strength. It showed that the broken position was not a soldering part. This result showed how the ancient granule could maintain without a break for a long time.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.63-66
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• 2000

The effects of acute ethanol on the high K+ induced $Ca^{2+}}$ signals were examined from primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. $Ca^{2+}}$ signals were measured with Calcium Green-1 based microscopic video imaging. Because $Ca^{2+}}$ signal was low in most of granule neurons without stimuli, high KCI was used for depolarization. In most case, acute exposure to ethanol reduced the peak amplitude of the $Ca^{2+}}$ signals, induced by high K+, even though low concentration of ethanol(2~10mM) was used and the effects lasted more than 30min. In was also possible to see differences of ethanol inhibition, i.e. the temporal pattern of $Ca^{2+}}$ signal reductions and the strength of inhibition of $Ca^{2+}}$ signals in cerebellar granule neurons. These results indicate that low concentration of ethanol has diverse actions on the $Ca^{2+}}$ signals in cerebellar granule neurons.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.7-22
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• 1998

The development of the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm of crown-rump length(10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cell, primitive neuroblast, primitive supporting cell, and unmyelinated fibers. At 70 mm fetus, the neuroblasts and their processes were ensheated by the bodies or processes of satellite cells. The cytoplasm of the neuroblast contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex, Nissl bodies and dense-cored vesicles. As the neuroblasts grew and differentiated dense-cored vesicles moved away from perikaryal cytoplasm into developing processes. Synaptic contacts between the cholinergic axon and dendrites of postganglionic neuron and a few axosomatic synapses were first observed at 70 mm fetus. At 90 mm fetus the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cells, granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The ganglion cells increased somewhat in numbers and size by 150 mm fetus. Further differentiation resulted in the formation of young ganglion cells, whose cytoplasm was densely filled with cell organelles. During next prenatal stage up to 260 mm fetus, the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells contained except for large pigment granules, all intracytoplasmic structures which were also found in mature superior cervical ganglion. A great number of synaptic contact zones between the cholinergic preganglionic axon and the dendrites of the postganglionic neuron were observed and a few axosomatic synapses were also observed. Two morphological types of the granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first identified at 90 mm fetus. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary, whereas type II tended to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon termials were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of the granule-containing cells and dendrites of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm fetus onward. In conclusion, superior cervical ganglion cells and granule-containing cells arise from a common undifferentiated cell precursor of neural crest. The granule-containg cells exhibit a local modulatory feedback system in the superior cervical ganglion and may serve as interneurons between the preganglionic and postganglionic cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2005

Stress is known to inhibit granule cell proliferation in the hippocampus. However, recent studies suggest that the commonly used dose of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is insufficient to label all fractions of granule cells. Furthermore, stress-induced changes in BrdU availability may influence the labeling of newly born cells. To investigate whether changes in BrdU availability affect measurements of stress-induced granule cell proliferation, granule cell proliferation was assessed using injection of high doses of BrdU before and after restraint stress lasting 1 h. In addition, to determine whether stress-induced changes in plasma corticosterone levels were influenced by the BrdU, time-dependent changes in plasma corticosterone levels over 2 h after BrdU injection were compared with total accumulated plasma corticosterone levels [as determined by areas under the curve (AUC)]. Restraint stress significantly reduced the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells and clusters in the granule cell layer (GCL) of rats that received BrdU after stress, and decreases of similar magnitude were observed when the rats were given BrdU before stress. BrdU injection enhanced the stress-induced plasma corticosterone response, but there was no difference between the mean AUCs of plasma corticosterone levels of animals injected with BrdU before or after stress. These observations suggest that restraint stress decreases granule cell proliferation, and that this may be influenced by the extent and duration of plasma corticosterone increases rather than by changes in the availability of BrdU.