• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.211-224
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• 1995

The grandmother role may be an important support network for dual-earner families and become more saliency among those children who are living with their grandmothers than those who are not. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of family structure characteristics on children's solidarity with their grandmothers and grandmothers' effects on grandchildren's self-esteem. Questionnaire data were collected from 429 grandchildren in the fifth and sixth grades. The major findings showed that (1)Solidarity between grandmother and grandchild in dual-earner families was associated with living arrangement. (2)Children's self-esteem in dual-earner families was not related to living arrangements with their grandmother. (3)Factors predicting solidarity between grandmother and grandchild and the grandchild's self-esteem differed by living arrangement. Solidarity between grandmother and grandchild was explained by grandmother-mother relationships, health of grandmother, parent-children relationship and occupational status of father for children living with their grandmothers. For those children not living with their grandmothers, grandmother-mother relationship, the educational level of father, families' economic level, parent-child relationship and health of the grandmother were significant predictors of grandmother-grandchild solidarity. (4)The regression of predictor variables on self-esteem for children living with grandmother revealed that grandmother-grandchild solidarity was the most powerful predictor, followed by occupational status of father, the educational level of mother, economic status of the family and parent-child relationship. For those children who were not living with grandmothers, parent-child relationship, economic status of the family, grandmother-grandchild solidarity and the educational level of the mother were also significant factors in that order.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2014

This study examined attitudes of grandmothers who had experience in grandchild care in order to explore their subjectivity. Research questions were 1) to categorize the attitudes toward grandchild care, and 2) to analyze each type's characteristics and elucidate the analyses. The results are as follows. Grandmothers' attitudes toward grandchild care were categorized into three types: (1) adjusting-to-role-change type, (2) recognizing-the-role-burdens type, (3) enjoying-the-traditional-role type. Type 1, the adjusting-to-role-change type was aware of positive facets of grandchild care, and actively accepted the caring responsibility, but did not think it was a grandmother's duty to care for the grandchildren or that it was the sole pleasure in a grandmother's life. Type 2, the recognizing-the-role-burdens type, had a negative view regarding grandchild care, perceiving the cost too high relative to the reward. On the other hand, Type 3, the enjoying-the-traditional-role type considered grandchild care as a pleasure and a duty, and downplayed negative aspects such as having no time to herself, assuming the traditional grandmother role and enjoying it. These results imply that the attitudes of grandmothers nowadays are undergoing a change from the traditional grandmother role attitude.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2014

This study explores the grandchild-rearing experience of grandmothers whose children are part of dual-earner couples. Twelve participants provided in-depth interview data that were analysed according to Spradely's ethnographic method. We present three main themes in our research, as well as ten smaller themes: (i) the grandchild-rearing motive (from the perspective of the adult, the child, the grandchild, and the grandmother); (ii) the mode of grandchild-rearing support (residential, total weight of childrearing support, availability of a daycare center); (iii) the change in the grandmother's way of life (positive changes and negative changes). Finally, this study examines the integrity of the grandmother's identity as their productivity increases through providing grandchild-rearing support. It also looks at the importance of governmental policies that support their burdens according to the level support they provide.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2018

This study examined how the relationship between grandmother-adult child solidarity, caregiving satisfaction, and grandmother's child-rearing role varies according to the relation with the grandchild. Mediation effects and moderated mediation effects were analyzed to investigate the relationship between these variables. The participants were 295 grandmothers raising preschool-aged grandchildren in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS macro, performing correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The statistical significance of the indirect effect was examined using a bootstrapping procedure. The results are as follows. First, grandmother-adult child solidarity directly affects the grandmother's child-rearing role. Second, grandmother-adult child solidarity indirectly affects the grandmother's child-rearing role through caregiving satisfaction. Third, the direct and indirect effects of grandmother-adult child solidarity on the grandmother's child-rearing role are moderated by the relation with the grandchild. The direct effect of grandmother-adult child solidarity on grandmother's child-rearing role was therefore shown to be significant on the maternal grandmother. Fourth, the indirect effect of grandmother-adult child solidarity on the grandmother's child-rearing role through caregiving satisfaction was shown to be significant on the paternal grandmother. Based on the results of this study, we discussed ways to strengthen the capacity of co-parenting between grandparents and adult children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.914-923
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• 2007

Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to identify the common, lived experiences of grandmothers who cared for their grandchildren as the primary caregivers. Methods: This study was based on the phenomenological method described by Colaizzi (1978). Results: Seven theme clusters emerged from the data as follows: "grandmother caregivers accept the parenting role of the incessant responsibilities and the distrust of non-kin caregivers.", "grandmother caregivers have a double maternal roles; an instrument-oriented maternal role to their own child and relationship-oriented maternal role to their grandchild.", "grandmother caregivers are partially authorized to make decisions in the matters of their grandchild.", "grandmother caregivers suffer a deterioration in their health by an acceleration of the aging process.", "caregiving causes grandmother caregivers to feel a sense of social isolation, and persue various coping strategies to control this feeling.", "grandmother caregivers have a greater feeling of self-esteem, but they often conflict with their adult children if they don't feel appreciated by them.", "grandmother caregivers have limited social support and their health issues are often overlooked in the family context.' Conclusion: The results of this study can guide nurses and health care workers to understand the experiences of grandmother caregivers and to implement individualized nursing interventions suited for them.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.479-490
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• 2007

This study examines undergraduate students' intimacy toward the grandmother and their attitudes toward the elderly and aging. The study also identifies the variances that influence undergraduate students' intimacy toward the grandmother. The subjects were 397 undergraduates. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, Duncan test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows; 1) The undergraduates' attitudes were mid-range, but their intimacy level toward their grandmother was high. 2) The undergraduates' intimacy level toward the grandmother differed significantly according to gender, experience of cohabitation, the presence of her, and religion, and it showed a significant correlation with attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits, period of cohabitation, and frequent contact with the grandmother. The undergraduates' intimacy level toward grandmother-in-low, however, was significantly different according to the religion. There was also had a significant correlation with the undergraduate students' attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits. 3) The variables that affect the undergraduates' intimacy level toward the grandmother were attitude, frequency of contact with the grandmother, gender, period of cohabitation, experience of cohabitation, and the presence of the grandmother, which explained about 35% of total variance. Attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits were very important variables for undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother. The undergraduates' intimacy toward grandmother-in-low was affected by the variables of attitude, religion, experience of volunteer, frequency of contact with the grandmother, gender, and the presence of grandmother, which explained about 24% of the total variance. Attitude toward the elderly and aging traits were the most important variables for undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother-in-low.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.219-236
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• 1992

The purpose of the study are to investigate the effects of the bond between grandmother and grandchild and the degree of cohesion between child in adolescence and their parents on adolescent's ego identity. The major findings are as follows. First, a level of adolesent's ego identity is moderate on the whole. Not only the degree of the cohesion between children in adolescence and parent is high, but also the bond between children in adolescence and grandmother is high. Second, adolescent's ego identity is associated with cohesion with their parent. The research also shows that adolescent's ego identity is influenced by the relationship between grandchild and grandmother. Finally, the important factors on ego identity of the adolescent who are living with their grandmothers are the degree of the cohesion with father, grandmother-parent relationships, the degree of the cohesion with mother, and occupational status of mother. Those who are not living with grandmothers, the degree of the cohesion with their mothers and the bonds with grandmothers have significant influences on adolescent's ego identity.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.5 s.83
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• pp.53-68
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• 2006

This study examines Korean and American undergraduate students' intimacy toward the grandmother and their attitudes toward the elderly and aging. The study also identifies the variances that influence undergraduate students' attitudes. The subjects were 397 Korean and 364 America undergraduates. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine frequency, percentage, meat standard deviation, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, Duncan test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows; 1) Both Korean and American undergraduates' attitudes were mid-range, but their intimacy level toward their grandmother was high. 2) The Korean undergraduates' intimacy level differed significantly according to sex and religion, and it showed a significant correlation with attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits, when the student had lived with and had frequent contact with the grandmother. The American undergraduates' intimacy level, however, was significantly different according to the presence of the grandmother. There was also had a significant correlation with the undergraduate students' attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits, frequency of contact with the grandmother and year. 3) The variables that affect the Korean undergraduates' intimacy level toward the grandmother were attitude, cohabitation with her, gender, frequency of contact with the grandmother, and religion, which explained about 21% of total variance. Attitudes toward the elderly and aging traits were very important variables for Korean undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother. The American undergraduates' intimacy was affected by the variables of attitude, frequency of contact with the grandmother, year, and the presence of the grandmother, which explained about 19% of the total variance. Attitude toward the elderly and aging traits were the most important variables for American undergraduates' intimacy with their grandmother.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.69-84
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the grandmothers' role performance toward their grandchildren in the elementary school between working and nonworking mother families. The subjects were 274 grandparent-grandchild pairs. The structured questionnaires, from both grandmothers and grandchildren were collected in 2001. Using statistical techniques such as factor analysis, t-test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis, the major findings were as fellows: 1) The level of the grandmothers' role performance is moderate in general. However, the grandmothers in working mother families perform surrogate mother roles more strongly than the grandmothers in nonworking mother families.2) While contact between grandmother and grandchild is associated with the grandmother's role performance in working mother families, the grandmother's age and the closeness between grandmother and mother are related to the level of the grandmother's role performance in nonworking mother families. In conclusion, the grandmothers' role performance in working mother families was found to be more important in the supporting system than in nonworking mother families.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.71-83
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate variables which account for grandchild caregiving grandmothers' physical health satisfaction and leisure activity satisfaction. Methods: The sample included 141 grandmothers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Firstly, the variables that explained physical health satisfaction of grandchild caregiving grandmothers were educational level, family income, the number of grandchild, and caregiving conflict with adult child. When their educational level were higher, had more money, cared for grandchild more, and did not experience conflict with adult child, they showed the higher scores of physical health satisfaction. Secondly, as to leisure activity satisfaction of grandchild caregiving grandmothers, educational level and caregiving conflict with adult child were included. That is, they had higher educational level, and without caregiving conflict with adult child, grandchild caregiving grandmothers reported higher levels of leisure activity satisfaction. Conclusion/Implications: Based on these results, various implications and interventions were suggested.