• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.89-89
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• 2017

A gene encoding squalene synthase from grain amaranth was cloned and characterized. The full-length cDNA was 1805-bp long and contained a 1248-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 416 amino acids with a molecular mass of 47.6 kDa. Southern blot analysis revealed that the A. cruentus genome contained a single copy of the gene. Comparison of the cDNA and genomic sequences indicated that the amaranth SQS gene had 12 introns and 13 exons. All of the exons contributed to the coding sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the SQS cDNA shared high homology with those of SQSs from several other plants. It contained conserved six domains that are believed to represent crucial regions of the active site. We conducted qRT-PCR analyses to examine the expression pattern of the SQS gene in seeds at different developmental stages and in several tissues. The amaranth SQS gene was low levels of SQS transcripts at the initial stage of seed development, but the levels increased rapidly at the mid-late developmental stages before declining at the late developmental stage. These findings showed that the amaranth SQS is a late-expressed gene that is rapidly expressed at the mid-late stage of seed development. In addition, we observed that the SQS mRNA levels in stems and roots increased rapidly during the four- to six-leaf stage of development. Therefore, our results showed that the expression levels of SQS in stem and root tissues are significantly higher than those in leaf tissues. In present study provides useful information about the molecular characterization of the SQS clone isolated from grain amaranth. Finally, a basic understanding of these characteristics will contribute to further studies on the amaranth SQS.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2015

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Three diets were formulated to contain 0% (DDG0), 30% DDG (DDG1) replacing wheat flour and 30% DDG (DDG2) replacing fish meal and wheat flour. A commercial feed (CF) was also compared with experimental diets. Three replicate groups of abalone averaging $0.6{\pm}0.01g$ were fed one of the four diets for 14 weeks. The highest survival rate was observed in the abalone fed the DDG2 diet, which was higher than that of abalone fed the DDG0 diet. Weight gain, shell length, shell width and soft body weight of the abalone were not affected by dietary DDG and CF diet (P > 0.05). Proximate and amino acid composition of the soft whole body were not affected by dietary DDG and CF diet (P > 0.05). The result of this experiment suggests that DDG is a good ingredient to replace fish meal and wheat flour in the diet and could be used up to 30% in the diet without negative effects on the growth performance of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2011

벼는 세계 인구의 60%에 의해 소비되고 있는 주요 식량작물이며 그 종자의 주성분은 탄수화물로 인류의 중요한 에너지원이 된다. 미곡(米穀)은 주식으로 다량 섭취하게 되는데 특히 동물성 단백질의 섭취가 부족한 국가 또는 지역에서는 쌀 단백질이 콩 단백질과 함께 중요한 영양공급원이 되고 있어 벼의 종자단백질은 인류에 매우 중요한 영양성분이라 할 수 있다. 그런데 벼의 종자단백질은 필수아미노산인 라이신이 부족하므로 아미노산 조성 변경에 의한 영양적인 개량이 요구되기도 하는 한편 선진국에서는 혈압조절이나 면역증강 등 생리기능을 가진 건강증진용 기능성 단백질 또는 펩티드로 주목받고 있다. 따라서 벼의 종자단백질의 조성변경과 더불어 이종의 저장단백질의 도입에 의한 벼 종자단백질 개량 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 본 총설에서는 벼의 종자 저장단백질의 생합성과 축적 특징 및 저장단백질 집적의 유전적 제어 기작에 대하여 알아보고 또한 벼 종자 저장단백질 조성 변경, 이종단백질 도입에 의한 벼 종자 저장단백질 개량 연구 현황을 기술하고자 한다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2018

The giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a tropical beetle. As this beetle can be used as an ingredient in animal feed, the effects of brewer's spent grain (BSG) on the development and nutritional value of Z. atratus were investigated. As results, there were no significant differences on the larval survival rate, body weight, and duration at different content of BSG, mixed with conventional feed, wheat bran (WB). Based on these results, BSG can be mixed with wheat bran as a Z. atratus food ingredient without any problems. The nutritional value was compared between 100% wheat bran control and 50% BSG experimental groups. The moisture, crude protein, carbohydrates, and amino acids were 1.1-1.4 times higher in the 50% BSG group. In the BSG group, the linoleic acid content was 1.6 times higher than that in the control group. In the wheat bran group, the oleic acid content was 38.4%, which was 1.3 times higher than that in the BSG group. As minerals, the control and BSG groups showed high potassium and phosphorus contents. In terms of hazardous materials, four heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium) and two microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) were not detected. There were no significant differences in developmental characteristics between the wheat bran and BSG mixed groups, and the nutritional values were better in the BSG mixed group. Therefore, BSG can be used as alternative food source for rearing Z. atratus.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.1313-1319
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• 2010

일품벼에서 유래된 신형질미의 취반 및 가공 등 용도개발을 위한 목적으로 백미와 현미에 대한 성분 분석 및 물리적 특성을 분석한 결과, 원품종인 일품벼과 신형질미인 고아미2호, 백진주, 설갱의 이화학적 특성은 품종 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 고아미2호는 고 아밀로스 품종으로 분류되며, 난소화성 다당류의 함량도 높게 나타난 반면에, 백진주는 저아밀로스 품종으로 반 찰벼의 특성을 보였다. 지방산은 백미와 현미에서 linoleic acid와 oleic acid가 전체 지방산의 70~75%를 차지하는 양질의 기름으로서, 백미는 linoleic acid가 현미에는 oleic acid 함량이 높은 경향을 보였다. 한편, 고아미2호는 palmitic acid 함량이 가장 높아서 다른 품종과 다소다른 지방산 조성을 나타내었다. 백미의 주요 아미노산은 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, hydroxy lysine이고, 현미에서는 cysteine을 제외한 aspartic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxy lysine인 것으로 나타났다. 쌀 품종의 호화특성을 DSC로 분석한 결과, 호화에 필요한 흡열엔탈피는 반 찰성인 백진주가 가장 높고, 다음은 설갱, 일품, 고아미2호 순으로, 고아미2호가 가장 낮은 흡열엔탈피을 보였다. 취반미의 식미치는 일품벼가 가장 높았으나, 밥의 텍스쳐를 분석한 결과, 고아미2호의 경도가 가장 높고, 일품, 백진주, 설갱 순으로 경도가 낮아지는 것으로 분석되었다. 신형질미 중에서, 고아미2호 취반미는 푸석한 조직감을 보여 다른 품종과는 현저히 다른 특성을 나타내므로, 고아미2호는 취반용 쌀로서 이용하기 보다는 가공용 기능성 곡류 소재로서 활용 가능성이 높으며, 반면에 백진주와 설갱은 원품종인 일품과 비교했을 때 취반용과 가공용도에 모두 적합할 것이다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1994

일본 양조용 품종인 히다호마레를 포함 8개 벼품종을 공시하여 각 품종들에 대한 양조적성을 검토하여 양조용 품종육성을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 수행한 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 공시품종의 외관특성은 통일형을 제외한 6개 품종 모두 장폭비가 1.80이하로서 단원형이었고 히다호마레와 이리40002가 심백정도가 심했다. 2. 정백미의 완전입률은 섬진벼, 이리40002, 동진벼, 히다호마레 순으로 높았으며 기타 품종은 50% 이하로서 동할립 및 쇄미의 비율이 높았다. 3. 공시품종의 화학적 성분은 공시품종 모두 양조미에 적합하였다. 4. 원료처리(침청, 증미)시 정백미의 완전립 비율이 낮은 품종이 쇄미가 많았고 완전립률이 높은 품종이 누룩상태가 우수하였으며 액화력 및 당화력도 높았다. 5. 발효경과시의 $CO_2$감소량은 동진벼, 섬진벼, 이리40002, 히다호마레, 신광벼, 동북14004, HR9849-B-1, 백양벼 순으로 많았으며 예상 알코올 생성량과도 비교적 잘 일치 되었다. 6. 발효최종 성분에서 청주의 산도 및 아미노산 함량은 공시품종 모두 적당하고 관능검사 결과 섬진벼, 동진벼, 이리40002가 우수하였다. 7. 종합적으로 양조특성을 검토한 결과 동진벼, 섬진벼, 이리40002, 히다호마레 등이 양조적성이 우수하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.413-423
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• 1990

옥수수 양질 품종을 육성하기 위한 기초 연구로서 옥수수 유전 자원과 주요 교잡종 100여 계통에 대하여 단백질 함량과 아미노산 조성을 검토하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수 유전 자원의 평균 단백질 함량은 11.5%로서 그의 문포범위는 8.0-17.3%이었다. 품종별로는 사료용 교잡종들의 단백질 함량이 9.1-11.4%이었고 찰옥수수 12.2%, 단옥수수 10.2%-13.9%이었으며 변경 opaque-2인 Qpm의 단백질 함량은 11.0%이었다. 2. 사료용 교잡종 수원 19호와 단옥수수 수원SS-2001 및 Qpm의 아미노산 조성은 대체로 glutamic acid와 leucine의 함량이 높았고 methionine은 낮았다. 품종에 따른 차이도 나타났는데 Qpm은 lysine 함량이 수원 19호나 수원 SS-2001에 비하여 1.4-1.7배 높았으며 단백가 72로서 수원 19호와 수원 SS-2001의 단백가에 비하여 높았다. 수원 SS-2001의 아미노산 조성은 수원19호와 Qpm과는 달리 threonine의 함량이 높았으며, 필수 아미노산의 총량도 많았다. 3. 분획 단백질의 양은 수원 19호와 수원 SS-2001에서는 zein이 각각 50.7%와 41.7%, glutelin이 26.8%와 30.8%이었던 반면 Qpm은 zein이 12.7%, glutelin이 55.2%, globulin 11.4%로서 zein의 함량이 낮았다. 4. 분획 단백질별 아미노산 조성에 있어서는 zein과 glutelin의 아미노산 조성은 품종간 큰 차이가 없었으나 globulin의 아미노산 조성은 Qpm과 수원 19호간 차이가 컸으며 특히 Qpm의 globulin의 lysine 함량은 10.2%로서 수원 19호에 비하여 4배 이상이었다. 5. 분획 단백질별 아미노산 조성 및 품종간 분획 단백질량을 비교하였을 때 Qpm의 opaque-2인자는 종실 단백질 중 zein함량을 억제하고 glutelin과 globulin을 증대시킴으로써 종실의 lysine함량을 증대시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.485-494
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• 2020

Limiting amino acids (AAs) for milk production in dairy cows fed on a concentrate diet of corn grain and soybean meal was evaluated in this study. Four lactating and multiparous Holstein cows (in third or fourth parities, with an average body weight of 633 ± 49.2 kg), 8 to 9 weeks into their lactation period, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experiment comprised four dietary treatments: (1) no intravenous infusion (control); (2) control plus intravenous infusion of an AA mixture of 6 g/d methionine, 19.1 g/d lysine, 13.8 g/d isoleucine, and 15.4 g/d valine (4AA); (3) control plus intravenous infusion of the AA mixture without methionine (no-Met); and (4) control plus intravenous infusion of the AA mixture without lysine (no-Lys). All animals were fed on a controlled diet (1 kg/d alfalfa hay, 10 kg/d silage, 14 kg/d concentrate mixture, ad libitum timothy hay). The AA composition of the diet and blood were determined using an automatic AA analyzer. Milk composition (protein, fat, lactose, urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts) was determined using a MilkoScan. The results showed that feed intake for milk production did not differ from that of intravenous infusion using a limiting AA mixture. The 4AA treatment numerically had the highest milk yield (32.4 kg/d), although there was no difference when compared with the control (31.2 kg/d), no-Met (31.3 kg/d), and no-Lys (31.7 kg/d) treatments. The concentration of AAs in blood plasma of cows in all treatments, mainly isoleucine and valine, increased significantly compared with that of control. The no-Met treatment increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of lysine in the blood relative to the control and no-Lys treatments, whereas the no-Lys treatment increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of methionine relative to the control and no-Met treatments. In conclusion, milk production increased when feeding 10 g/d methionine to the cows, together with their concentrate diet of corn grain and soybean meal.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.279-283
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• 2013

We tested the effects of various distillers dried grains (DDGs) in a formulated diet on growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. DDG is a solid residue obtained by filtering an aqueous mixture of fermented rice with Aspergillus oryzae and yeasts. Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (DDG0, DDG-G, DDG-C, DDG-K, DDG-W, and DDG-P) were formulated to contain 20% DDG obtained from different Makgeolli factories. Juvenile sea cucumber (average weight, $2.1{\pm}0.02$ g) were randomly distributed in eighteen 50-L rectangular plastic tanks (40 L of water each) in a seawater flow-through system at a density of 50 juveniles/tank. Three replicate groups of sea cucumber were fed each of the six experimental diets at a feeding rate of 5% body weight per day for 22 weeks. At the end of the feeding experiment, survival and weight gain of the juvenile sea cucumber were not affected by the type of dietary DDG (P > 0.05), and the proximate and amino acid compositions of the whole body were not affected by dietary DDG diets (P > 0.05). These results indicate that rice-based DDG is a potential dietary ingredient that could be used at dietary concentrations of up to 20% for growth of juvenile sea cucumber.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.86-86
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• 2017

Prolamins are the main seed storage proteins in cereals. Gluten proteins seem to be prolamins because their primary structure have the meaningful quantity of proline and glutamine amino acid residues. Gluten proteins are found in crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and rye (Secale cereale) which are major food crops in the Triticeae tribe. Glutenin and gliadin, hordein, and secalin are typical gluten proteins found in wheat, barley, and rye, respectively. Gluten affect grain quality so that many researches, such as isolation or characterization of their genes, have been carried out. To improve the quality of grains in the Triticeae tribe, it is necessary to understand the relationship within their gluten proteins and their evolutionary changes. The sequences of nucleotides and amino acids of gluten protein including glutenins, gliadins, hordeins, and secalins were retrieved from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Uniprot (http://www.uniprot.org/). The sequence analysis and the phylogenetic analysis of gluten proteins were performed with various website tools. The results demonstrated that gluten proteins were grouped with their homology and were mostly corresponded with the previous reports. However, some genes were moved, duplicated, or disappeared as evolutionary process. The obtained data will encourage the breeding programs of wheat, barley, rye, and other crops in the Triticeae tribe.