• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.114-127
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find out cold and fresh air producing areas using climate-ecological functions in Changwon city, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. The evaluation of climate-ecological functions were composed of the six factors: patch size with cold air generation and inflow functions, farmland and grassland ratio, mean slope degree, cross section types, mean slope length and roughness of bottom in valley. The analysis results of each evaluation factor in the study area were divided into 5 grades according to the capacity of cold air generation. The first-grade area with the highest factor values for cold air generation was take up 3.51% of the total study area, second grade was 13.48%, third grade was 31.65%, fourth grade was 27.28%, and fifth grade was 24.09%. According to the spatial distribution of cold air producing areas, the valleys around Mt. Bongnim, Changwon tunnel, and Anmin tunnel had higher evaluation grade. It will require the future research to establish the climate-ecological conservation areas and to construct the wind corridor based on the long-term microclimatic monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 2004

This study was conducted to identify actual dental care status, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about dental health, and dental health conditions in elementary students; and examine the relationships between the levels of knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and dental health conditions for 427 students in their sixth grades from six elementary schools in Pusan area from November 1st to December 5th, 2002. The data was collected through a structured study questionnaire and through dental checkups by dentists and was analyzed into frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis using SPSS program. The main results of this study were summarized as follows： 1) The levels of knowledge, attitudes, behaviors about dental health was found to be high as mean score 18.75 points (64.7％) in knowledge, 17.86 points (59.5％) in attitudes, and 31.64 points (67.3％) in behaviors. Therefore they were found to care a lot about their dental health. The indices of dental health conditions were found to be low as mean score 0.87 pieces (3.1％) of treated teeth, 1.27 pieces (4.5％) of teeth to be treated, 7.64％ of the DMFT rate and 0.43 points (7.2％) of the simplified oral hygiene index. Therefore their condition of dental health was found to be very clean. 2) The relationships among the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about dental health showed a weak level of positive correlations. Among the conditions of dental health, treated teeth and the DMFT rate showed a moderate level of positive correlation； and treated teeth and the simplified oral hygiene index showed weak level of positive correlation. 3) The condition of dental health of the subjects of this study was found to be good and dental care was properly done when there was participation of parents and school health educators in dental care. It tells us that dental education is required not only for children but also for their parents. As there were significant correlations between knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors about children's dental heath, school health educators should encourage students to have continuous dental care habits for lifelong dental health with repetitive education, rather than to deliver simple knowledge to students during dental health education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.249-261
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• 2002

This study was a research study to find out the real picture and practice of student obesity control by primary, middle and high school school nurses. The study sampled 196 school nurses working in the Busan City and Northern Gyungsang Province, who agreed on the purpose of the study. When it comes to the study process, at the meeting of the whole school nurses, the researcher explained the purpose of the study and asked them to complete questionnaires and return on the spot. The study is designed to provide basic data for school nurses in field to systematically and efficiently control student obesity by examining perception of school obesity control and the real picture or practice of obesity control as well as its problems. The study used SPSS 10.0 to analyze data. The results are as follows: Annual plans about obesity control appeared significant at the primary school, 89.3%, higher than 77.3% of the middle and high school(p<0.05). Annual project evaluation showed a significant difference by regions, 56.0% of metro cities vs. small cities(p<0.01). The number of measuring weight of obese students was higher at the primary school than at the middle and high school(p<0.05). Also small cities conducted the weight measurement more often than metro cities(p<0.001). Among the health education methods for obesity, counseling appeared statistically significant(p<.01). The health education showed a significant difference in more experienced school nurses. Among the educational media, environment postings were used at the primary school, 24.0%, higher than 5.3% of the middle and high school. It showed a significant difference(p<.001). OHP or epidiascopes were used at the primary school, 36.4%, significantly higher than the middle and high school(p<.001). In addition, computer was used at the primary school, 21.5%, higher than the middle and high school(p<.05). Problems of obesity education data included a lack of textbooks and programs and a short of educational media. However it didnt show a significant difference in schools or in regions. Counseling activities for obesity showed a significant difference in schools(p<.01) and in regions(p<.001). When parents with obese students were in counseling, those in their 20s used home correspondence and those in their 30s and 40s used phone call(p<.01). The rate of equipment to measure obesity was higher at the middle and high school than the primary school, showing a significant difference(p<.001). Therefore, regular health education curriculums for school nurses should be systematically created to promote student health. Furthermore, it needs to make standard textbooks for health education by grades as well as by levels and to develop various educational programs and educational media.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.185-206
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• 2021

Objectives: The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacopuncture treatment for insomnia disorder to derive clinical evidence and recommendation grades. Methods: Studies that verified effects of pharmacopuncture on primary insomnia were included. Characteristics and quality of included studies were assessed using Risk of Bias (RoB). Results: A total of 25 studies were selected. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and effective rate were primarily used for outcome measurement. Vitamin B12 was the most used pharmacopuncture material. The most frequently used acupuncture point was Anmian (Ex-HN). The volume of the acupuncture solution ranged from 0.25 mL to 2 mL. Acupuncture treatment depth was 0.5 cm to 2 cm. In three studies, the procedure was performed at 16:00. Meta-analysis of studies revealed that the effective rate of the pharmacopuncture group was significantly higher than the group using sleeping pills group (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.45, p=0.04, I²=69%). PSQI was decreased in the intervention group (MD=-2.19, 95% CI: -2.90 to -1.48, p<0.00001, I²=0%). Effective rates of pharmacopuncture and acupuncture groups were higher than that of the acupuncture group (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.17, p=0.0002, I²=0%). PSQI was decreased in the intervention group (MD=-1.87, 95% CI: -2.36 to -1.38, p<0.00001, I²=0%). Although the effectiveness rate of the pharmacopuncture group was not significantly higher than that of the acupuncture group (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.27, p=0.1, I²=9%), the PSQI was decreased in the pharmacopuncture group (MD=-2.10, 05% CI: -3.29 to -0.91, p=0.0005, I²=34%). The quality of clinical studies was poor. Conclusions: Based on results of this study, it is proper to use 0.5 to 2 mL of pharmacopuncture solution such as Danshen and Ciwujia with a depth of 0.5 to 2 cm at around 4 p.m. to treat insomnia disorder, focusing on Anmian (Ex-HN) and Sameumgyo (SP6).

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.312-326
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• 2023

Purpose: This study attempted to analyze the staffing level and critical care nursing fees of intensive care units at tertiary and general hospitals and to provide a professional judgment-based recommendation on staffing level and critical care nursing fee schedules. Methods: Staffing grades and critical care nursing fee schedules for the first quarter of 2017~2020 and the fourth quarter of 2020~2022 were analyzed. A survey was conducted on nursing managers and nurses about the current and appropriate staffing levels. A total of 77 nurse managers and 708 nurses working in Intensive Care Unit(ICU)s at tertiary and general hospitals participated in the study. Results: Grade 1 staffing increased from 25.6% in 2017 to 92.1% in 2022 at tertiary hospitals and from 0.8% in 2017 to 28.4% in 2022 at general hospitals. The current staffing ratios of tertiary and general hospitals were 1:2.21 and 1:2.77, respectively. The appropriate staffing ratio according to nurse managers and nurses was 1:1.00 in patients with more than a ventilator application and 1:2.00 in patients without any ventilator application in tertiary hospitals, and it was 1:1.25 in patients with more than a ventilator application and 1:2.00 in patients without any ventilator application in general hospitals, respectively. Conclusion: The appropriate staffing level was suggested from 1:1.0 to 1:2.0. The new nursing fee schedules were suggested from 1:1.0 (Grade 1) to 1:3.0 (Grade 5) and recommended to be paid based on the staffing grade, minimum number of nurses, and standard annual working days. It is expected to increase staffing levels and provide a better nursing work environment.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 1998

Purpose : Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), which can result in renal failure in children, is expected to resolve spontaneously in mild cases, but severe cases require surgical correction, posing dilemma in deciding the right measures in some cases. Therefore, to delineate the factors affecting spontaneous resolution of VUR and to apply them in assessing the prognosis, we reviewed the patients with VUR who had been treated medically. Patients and Methods : 32 children (49 renal units) with reflux who had been admitted during the 5-year period from Jan '92 to Dec '96 were classified into 4 groups (Resolved, Improved, Unchanged, and Worsened) and analyzed. Results : 1) 25 were boys and 7 girls. The age at diagnosis ranged from 13 days to 9 years (mean $24.6{\pm}11.4$ mo) 2) Among 49 refluxing ureters, 4 were below 1 me of age,21 between 1 me to 1 yr, 16 between 1 yr to 6 yr, 8 beyond 6 yr. Two belonged to Grade I, 16 to Crade II, 17 to Grade III, 12 to Grade IV, and 2 to Grade V. 3) Spontaneous resolution rates of reflux were 100, 81, 47, 8, 0$\%$ for each Grade, respectively. Resolution plus improvement rates in Grade III and IV were 71 and $50\%$, each. 4) Resolution rates in relation to the age at diagnosis were $100\%$ for below 1 mo, $48\%$ between 1 mo to 1 yr, $56\%$ between 1 to 6 yr, and $13\%$ beyond 6 yr. 5) Of 15 unilateral refluxing ureters, 14 ($93\%$) resulted in resolution. Of 34 bilateral refluxing ureters, 11 ($32\%$) resolved spontaneously 6) Resolution occurred within 1 year in 20 units of 24 renal units in regular follow-up. Conclusion: The lower the initial grade and the younger the patient, the sooner the reflux resolved. Resolution was better when VUR was unilateral than bilateral. Long-term regular follow-up is essential because even the cases falling in Grades III and IV have high rates of spontaneous resolution and improvement with medical treatment.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.134-145
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the work values of undergraduate-level foodservice major students. In order to assess work values of the participating students, this study adopted 'Maryland Work Values Inventory'. Data from a total of 290 surveys were collected. The participants consisted of 146 commercial foodservice major students and 144 institutional foodservice major students. Among the seven work values, both groups ranked 'job advancement' as the most important work value. Commercial foodservice major students rated 'altruism' as the least important work value, whereas it was 'stimulation' for institutional foodservice major students. 'Need for work' was evaluated statistically higher by junior and senior students compared to sophomore students of commercial foodservice major (p<0.05). In both foodservice majors, a positive relationship was found between work value scores and grade levels. All work value scores tended to be higher for students in higher grades. This tendency was especially statistically clear for the value 'need for work' for commercial foodservice major students and 'money and prestige' for institutional foodservice major students (p<0.05). There were some gaps in the work values between students with different career field choices. For the commercial foodservice majors, those interested in fine dining perceived 'satisfaction and accomplishment' and 'altruism' as more important [4.33 (p<0.05) and 4.05 (p<0.01), respectively] compared to students who had interests in fast food restaurants (4.06 and 3.67 respectively). Scores for 'satisfaction & accomplishment' (p<0.05), 'money & prestige' (p<0.001), and 'stimulation' (p<0.001) were significantly different among institutional foodservice major students. In addition, students more interested in industrial foodservice field regarded 'money & prestige' and 'stimulation' as less important as indicated by noticeably lower scores (3.74, 3.55 respectively) in comparison to the other group (p<0.001). The results of this study, which explored foodservice major students' work values, suggest that there is an increased need for the students to build up their work values as well as for the foodservice industry to offer appropriate work values to future foodservice employees.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.138-155
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• 2000

Background: Factors related to waiting and staying time for patient care in emergency care center (ECC) were examined during 1 month from Apr. 1 to Apr. 30, 1997 at an ECC of Yeungnam university hospital in Taegu metropolitan city, to obtain the baseline data on the strategy of effective management of emergency patients. Method: The study subjects consisted of the 1,742 patients who visited at ECC and the data were obtained from the medical records of ECC and direct surveys. Results: The mean interval between ECC admission time and initial care time by each ECC duty residents was 83.1 minutes for male patients and 84.9 minutes for female patients, and mean ECC staying time (time interval between admission and final disposition from ECC) was 718.0 minutes in men and 670.5 minutes in women. As the results, the mean staying time in ECC was higher in older age, and especially the both of initial care time and staying time were highest in patients of medical aid, and shortest in patients of worker's accident compensation insurance. The on admission or not, previously endotracheal-intubation state of patient. The ECC staying ti initial care time was much more delayed in patients of not having previous medical records and the ECC staying time was higher in referred patients from out-patient department, in transferred patients from the other hospitals and patients having previous records, and in patients partly used the order-communicating system. The factors associated with the initial care time were the numbers of ECC patients and the existence of any true emergent patients, being cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) statusme was much more longer in patients of drug intoxication, in CPR patients, in medical department patients, in transfused patients and in patients related to 3 or more departments. And according to the numbers of duty internships, the ECC staying time for four internships was more longer than for five internships and after admission ordering was done, also-more longer in status being of no available beds. As above mentioned results, the factors for the ECC staying time were thought to be statistically significant (P<0.01) according to the patient's age and the laboratory orders and the X-ray films checked. And also the factor for the ECC staying time were thought to be statistically significant (P<0.01) according to the status being of no available beds, the laboratory orders and/or the special laboratory orders, the X-ray films checked, final disposing department, transferred to other hospital or not, home medication or not, admission or not, the grades of beds, the year grades of residents, the causes of ECC visit, the being CPR status on admission or not, the surgical operation or not, being known personells in our hospital. Conclution: Authors concluded that the relieving method of long-staying time in ECC was being establishing the legally proved apparatus which could differentiate the true emergency or non-emergency patients, and that the methods of shortening ECC staying time were doing definitely necessary laboratory orders and managing beds more flexibly to admit for ECC patients and finally this methods were thought to be a method of unloading for ECC personnels and improving the quality of care in emergency patients.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.456-463
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• 2005

Purpose: we often find variable degrees of FDG uptake and patterns in stomach, which can make difficult to distinguish physiologic uptake from pathologic uptake on FDG PET. The purpose of this study was to find out the significant findings of stomach on FDG PET. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight patients who underwent both FDG PET and endoscopy within one week from Jun. 2003, to Aug. 2004 were included in this study. We reviewed 38 patients (18 for medical check up, 15 for work up of other malignancies, and 5 for the evaluation of stomach lesion). Their mean age was 56 years old (range:$32{\sim}79$), men and women were 28 and 10, respectively. Two nuclear physicians evaluated five parameters on FDG PET findings of stomach with a consensus: 1) visual grades 2) maximum SUV (max.SUV) 3) focal 4) diffuse and S) asymmetric patterns. We correlated the lesions of FDG PET findings of stomach with those of endoscopy. We considered more than equivocal findings on FDG PET as positive. Results: The six of 38 patients were proven as malignant lesions by endoscopic biopsy and others were inflammatory lesions (ulcer in 3, chronic atrophic gastritis in 12, uncommon forms of gastritis in 5), non-inflammatory lesions (n=3), and normal stomach (n=9). By the visual analysis, malignant lesions had higher FDG uptake than the others. The max.SUV of malignant lesions was $7.95{\pm}4.83$ which was significantly higher than the other benign lesions ($2.9{\pm}0.69$ in ulcer, $3.08{\pm}1.2$ in chronic atrophic gastritis, $3.2{\pm}1.49$ in uncommon forms of gastritis (p=0.044)). In the appearance of stomach on FDG PET, malignant lesions were shown focal (5 of 6) and benign inflammatory lesions were shown diffuse (9 of 20) and asymmetric (14 of 20). Benign lesions and normal stomach were shown variable degrees of uptake and patterns. Some cases of benign inflammatory lesions such as ulcer and gastritis were shown focal and mimicked cancerous lesion (4 of 15). Conclusion: Gastric malignant lesions had higher FDG uptake and focal pattern. However, benign inflammatory lesions had moderate degrees of uptake and diffuse and asymmetric patterns rather than focal. It is difficult to differentiate between benign lesions including normal.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.1 s.21
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• pp.129-136
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• 1987

To determine the hepatitis 8 virus infection rate of the medical school students and appropriate time for immunization with hepatitis B vaccine,355 students in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd grades of Medical School of Kyungpook National University who had not been vaccinated and volunteered to participate in this study were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc with radioimmunoassay method (Abbott Lab. kit). A questionnaire was administered to ask the history of transfusion, acupuncture and surgery. HBsAg positive students were retested 16 months after the initial test. Overall HBsAg positive rate was 6.8% and the age adjusted rate for male (7.2%) was higher than that for female (4.9%). Anti-HBs positive rate was 35.3% (36.1% for male, 37.9% for female) and anti-HBc positive rate was 45.5% (46.5% for male,44.7% for female). Overall hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rate was 49.1% and the infection rate for male (50.3%) was slightly higher than that for female (46.5%). HBsAg positive rate and infection rate were increased as the grade increased but it was attributed to the age distribution of the students. HBaAg positive rate for 20 years old students was 1.7%; 21 years, 6.6%; 22 years, 6.1%; 23 years, 12.2%; and 24 years and older, 6.4%. HBV infection rate showed an increasing trend as age increased; 45.8% for 20 years,41.5% for 21 years, 49.5% for 22 years, 55.5% for 23 years and 59.6% for 24 years and older. The age differences in HBsAg positive rates and HBV infection rates did not reach the statistical significance level of 0.05. However, these findings and similar age differences in HBsAg positive rates and HBV infection rates observed in other study suggest that there is a significant age differences. Study of the same age group in other schools and different social classes is warranted to confirm the age difference. Clarification of the reason for such differences would provide a clue to identify the major route of HBV transmission in this age group. Among 26 HBsAg positive students in the initial test, only one student was active hepatitis patient. Out of 24 students who had follow-up test after 16 months 22 students were positive for HBaAg and two students became HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive. It is obvious that nearly one-half of the medical school students were infected with HBV before 20 years of age and the HBV infection occurs in medical school. Thus, it is recommended to test all the students for HBV infection soon after the admission to the medical school and immunize all the susceptible students with hepatitis B vaccine and give booster as they start to practice at a hospital.