• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.254-257
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• 2010

Background: Epidural steroid injection is an established treatment modality for intervertebral disc prolapse to radiculopathy. In cases where two levels of radiculopathy are present, two separate injections are warranted. Herein, we present our experience of management of such cases with a single epidural injection of local anaesthetic, tramadol and methylprednisolone, and table tilt for management of both radiculopathies. Methods: 50 patients of either sex aged between 35-65 years presenting with features of cervical and lumbar radiculopathic pain were included and were subjected to single lumbar epidural injection of local anaesthetic, tramadol and methylprednisolone, in the lateral position. The table was then tilted in the trendelberg position with a tilt of 25 degrees, and patients were maintained for 10 minuted before being turned supine. All patients were administered 3 such injections with an interval of 2 weeks between subsequent injections, and pain relief was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Immediate complications after the block were assessed. Results: Immediate and post procedural complications observed were nausea and vomiting (20%), painful injection site (4%), hypotension (10%) and high block (4%). Pain relief was assessed after the three injections by three grades: 37 (74%) had complete resolution of symptoms; 18% had partial relief and 8% did not benefit from the procedure. Conclusions: This technique may be used as an alternative technique for pain relief in patients with unilateral cervical and lumbar radiculopathies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8089-8093
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• 2014

Background: To assess the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal adverse effects in advanced colorectal carcinoma patients treated with four different schedules of FOLFOX. Materials and Methods: Patients (median age 61 years) who underwent surgery were included in the study. All had measureable disease at CT scan, ultrasonography or clinical examination. Toxicity was graded on a scale of 1-5 according to the general grade definition of CTC v2.0. The severity of adverse effects (Grade 3 and 4) assessed in each treatment arm was compared. Results: Differences between the incidence rates of 3 and 4 toxicity and all grades of toxicity for all parameters in GI toxicity were very highly significant (p<0.001). Severe gastrointestinal symptoms of toxicity were noted with FOLFOX7 (oxaliplatin $130mg/m^2$). Grade 3 diarrhea was reported in 25% patients and grade 4 diarrhea in 4% in the FOLFOX7 treatment arm. Grade 2 vomiting was very frequently reported in the FOLFOX4 treatment arm (oxaliplatin $85mg/m^2$). Grade 2 stomatitis was reported in 42% patients treated with mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin $100mg/m^2$). Differences in the incidence rate of nausea, diarrhea and stomatitis among all treatment arms of FOLFOX were significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: Severe diarrhea is associated with FOLFOX7 treatment. No grade 3 or 4 GI toxicity was reported in patients of the mFOLFOX6 arm.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-475
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• 2022

The equal sign and equivalence are the most basic and core concepts in elementary mathematics, but there has been lack of research on how to teach these concepts with textbooks. Given this, this study analyzed elementary mathematics textbooks in terms of three instructional elements (i.e., emphasizing the meaning of the equal sign as a relational symbol, dealing with an equation as an object for reasoning, and using an equation with a missing value). In particular, this study analyzed 10 different mathematics textbook series that are newly used in 2022 and examined the overall trends and characteristics for teaching the equal sign and equivalence. The results of this study showed that the activities emphasizing the meaning of the equal sign as a relational symbol were most noticeable but the activities dealing with an equation as an object for reasoning or using an equation with a missing value were relatively rare. Based on the results of the analysis, this study provides textbook writers with implications on what to further consider in covering the equal sign and equivalence.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2615-2619
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• 2013

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of perceived parental attitudes on children's discernment of cigarettes. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 250 children attending grades 6, 7 and 8. Data were collected via a socio-demographic survey questionnaire, the Parental Attitude Scale (PAS) and the Decisional Balance Scale (DBS). Data analysis covered percentages, medians, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests using a statistical package. Results: There were 250 participants; 117 were male, 133 were female. The mean age was $13.1{\pm}0.98$ for the females and $13.3{\pm}0.88$ for the males. A statistically significant difference was found in the children's mean scores for 'pros' subscale on the Decisional Balance Scale (DBS) according to perceived parental attitudes (F=3.172, p=0.025). There were no statistically significant differences in the DBS 'cons' subscale scores by perceived parental attitudes. Conclusions: It was determined that while perceived parental attitudes affect children's views on advantages of smoking, they have no effect on children's views on its disadvantages.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.308-317
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a MOL instrument for school-age children in grades 4 through 6. Method: The research design was a methodological study. A four-phase design involved. 1) Interview data generated from professors, nurses, and elementary school students (n=8). 2) Content validation by expert panel (n=14) 3) Initial items corrected by elementary school students (n=20) 4) Instrument validation by survey (n=574). Finally, 24 items were chosen as a meaning of life scale for late school-age children. Results: The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 24 items was .893 indicated a high internal consistency of the instrument, 2) Through factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted. These factors were labeled as 'relational experience', 'positive attitude', 'satisfaction/ hope', 'pursuit of goal', and experience of family love. These factors explained 52.311% of the total variance. Conclusion: The MOL scale for late school-age children can be used in nursing programs to improve the meaning of life. Studies on difference in meaning of life for late school-age children are needed for reverification.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to identify sexual knowledge and perception and current status of sex education among parents of first and second grade elementary school age children. Methods: Participants in the study were recruited from parents with a child in the lower grades and who resided in Seoul. From January 1 to February 28, 2011, data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed using McNemer test, paired t-test, ANONA, and Scheffe test. Results: Mean sexual knowledge scores for fathers and mothers were $27.74{\pm}4.94$, and $28.62{\pm}4.70$ respectively. Parent's sexual knowledge correlated with their occupation, education level, and family's monthly income. Conclusion: Study results showed that both parents are aware of the need for sex education. However, at home, mothers have a more active attitude towards sex education and conduct the education more often than fathers.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to test the construct validity and reliability of the Health Self-Determinism Index for Children (HSDI-C), an instrument designed to measure intrinsic motivation in health behavior. An convenience sample of 558,7 to 13 years old children completed the Korean version of HSDI-C. The findings were as follows : 1. Construct validity was supported through factorial isolation of four theory-consistent subscales ; Internal-external cue responsive ness, Self-determinism in health judgement, Competency in health matters, and Self-determinism in health behavior /goal. The total percent of variance explained by 4 factors was 2 percent. 2. The correlations between the four factors were ranged from -.06 to .29 indicating that factors are not redundant and each factor contributes uniquely to the total construct. 3. Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .96 for the total, and .72, .56, .69, and .75 on the respective subscales. Test-retest reliability for the total scale was .85 at 2 weeks. 4. The Analysis of variance for the HSDI-C total scale and subscales according to grades revealed that there were significant differences in means for the total and factor one and two, indicating younger children were more extrinsically motivated.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the completeness of educational objectives according to grades, objective domains and content areas, and to inquire the completeness of educational objectives by instructional quality profile and to restate educational objectives on the elementary school science curriculum. The taxonomy as a classification tool was developed in order to classify the science educational objectives. Teacher's guide-books of elementary school science were used to analyze the completeness. The educational objectives were checked using the objective classification tool by 11 experienced specialists in science education. The following are the results of this study. 1. Completeness of unit was shown approximately the 62 percentage in chapters, the 72 percentage in sections and the 87 percentage in periods. 2. Only the related chemistry parts showed that each objective domains were stated evenly. 3. On the whole, the number of understanding(38%) of stated educational objectives was much more than the other domains, such as manual skill(7%), attitudes.interests.appreciations(4%). 4. The elementary school science objectives were restated using the instructional quality profile in order to increase the completeness.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.275-299
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to provide an opportunity for better understanding and application of 2009 revised elementary school mathematics textbooks through survey data and focus group interview on structures of textbooks. First, We collect online survey results which 2333 elementary school teachers participated. Next, We interview focus group(8 teachers) about shapes of textbooks, quantity of learning contents, activities and problems for evaluation in the mathematics lessons. Storytelling is especially issued in the 2009 revised mathematics curriculum. We intensively discuss learning and teaching methods with application of storytelling textbooks; interests of students, role of storytelling textbooks etc. As results of analysis, the positive rate to use the 2009 revised textbooks is relatively high about shapes and activities of textbooks. But there is more considered about storytelling method. Storytelling may be positive on improvement of learning interests and participation of students. In order to develop these advantages, studies in relation of storytelling are more proceeded and teaching materials for teachers are required effectively in order to applicate to the elementary school.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2015

The content of software education for elementary school students in the 2015 revisions to the national curriculum are not sufficient because class time dedicated to software education has been limited to 17 hours in fifth and sixth grades. In this study, I developed the algorithm and programming model for Korea. I analyzed domestic and international software education curricula as well as training platforms, such as Code.org, Blockly Games, and Entry. The suggested algorithm and programming framework is known as the Rainbow system, which is divided into 7 steps, 14 criteria, and 3 content areas--understanding the algorithm, the actual programming, and evaluation of the program. Using the Rainbow system, once students have completed a level they can be promoted to the next stage, regardless of their grade.