• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the elementary students' academic ability in science and cognitive language ability according to gender, and their correlation. To this study, above two tests were conducted to 600 elementary students, and 496 students of them were analyzed. The test of academic ability in science was classified for lower students (1$\~$3 grades) and upper students (4$\~$6 grades), which consisted of scientific knowledge, process skill, and inquiry context. The reliability (Cronbach $\alpha$) of each test showed 0.7581 in lower students and 0.7831 in upper students. Also the reliability of cognitive language ability test was 0.7788. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were no significant differences in academic ability in science according to gender except 3rd grade. Second, there were significant differences in cognitive language ability according to gender. Third, in the correlation between academic ability in science and cognitive language ability, it showed low coefficient in lower students and high coefficient in upper students.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.115-138
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of the relationship between several factors representing the mental health enumerated in the psychology literature and the dadaptability to group life which all of th KMU students encounter. An empirical study was carried out to examine not only the differences in mental health of 4 kinds of students groups but also the impact of interaction which mental health affects to the adaptability to group life among grades. The several factors of the mental health can be utilized in suggesting the theoretical bases for the countermeasures of the effective group life along with the motivation of KMU students. The data investigating the impact of interaction between mental health and the adaptability to group life were collected from 537 KMU students selected from 4 different kinds of population-(1) Freshman group (2) Sophomore group (3) Junior group (4) Senior group-by the use of questionnaire method and interview. The 2-way analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to analyze the data. The results of this study were found as follows; (1) There are significant difference in the cognition of gloom, personal sensitiveness, anagonism, anxiety and total score among 4 grade groups, (2) The freshmen group and the sophomore group have perceived gloom, personal sensitiveness, antagonism, and total score more acutely than the junior group and senior group have. (3) There are significant differences in perceiving an obession and personal sensitiveness according to the adaptation types to the group life; adaopted type, non-adapted type. The non-adapted group has recognized an obsession and personal sensitiveness more seriously than the adapted group has. (4) The interaction between grades and the adaptation status doesn't have an direct influence on the mental health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.433-444
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the status and needs of school-based nutritional education programs for reducing sugars intake in elementary schools. Methods: A total of 230 elementary nutrition teachers participated in this study through an online survey in July 2017. Results: Approximately one-third of the schools conducted nutrition education on reducing sugars intake as a main topic. The most frequent educated grade and education period were $4^{th}$ and $3^{rd}$ grade, and once a year. Most of the nutrition teachers answered that nutrition education related to reducing sugars intake for children was necessary. The nutrition teachers answered that first graders were the recipients in most need of nutrition education for reducing sugars but, realistically, third graders were the most suitable for nutrition education. The appropriate education topics were limited to the lower grades, such as sugars consumption related health problems, foods containing high sugars, and behaviors to reduce sugars intake; however, a wider variety of topics were selected for the upper grades. The experiment was considered to be an effective educational method for both the lower and upper grades. The most appropriate nutrition education media appeared to be a mock-up in the lower grades, and an experiment kit in the upper grades. Games and videos were highly considered to be effective media to educate students in reducing sugars consumption by voluntary participation in free time in the classroom in both the lower and upper grades. Conclusion: Nutrition education programs focusing on sugars intake reduction were conducted in some elementary schools, but the training time was short and the types of activities were limited. The perception and demand for nutrition education was very high. Therefore, the development and dissemination of elementary school-based nutritional education programs for sugars intake reduction is urgently needed. Moreover, to develop an effective nutrition education program, the education environment and demand in the field should be fully considered.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1707-1713
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• 2015

Eighty six cases of invasive ductal breast carcinomas were utilized to investigate GSTP1 polymorphisms in certain immunohistochemistry (IHC) subtypes of breast cancer with respect to ER, PR and HER2 expression. The frequency of wild allele homozygote, heterozygote and variant allele homozygote genotypes were 46.5%, 52.3% and 1.16% respectively; Whereas 54.3% of the control subjects were GSTP1 wild type allele homozygous, 40.0% were heterozygous and 5.71% mutant allele homozygous. There was dramatic inverted relation between positive IHC ER staining and increasing grade of tumors in general (100%, 88.6%, 40.4%) and especially among tumors with heterozygote genotype of GSTP1 (70%, 35.4%, 22.7). There was increase in positive IHC HER2 staining consistent with higher grades in general (20%, 29.6%, 50.0%), especially among tumors with GSTP1 wild allele homozygote genotype (5.0%, 9.1%, 31.8%). A remarkable reverse relation was also observed between the fraction of IHC hormone receptor phenotype ER+/PR+/ HER2- and increased grade of tumors (60.0%, 45.5%, and 27.3%) especially among tumors with GSTP1 heterozygote genotype, and a similar link was noted regarding ER+/PR-/ HER2- and tumor grade. There was increase in frequency of ER-/PR-/ HER2- (0.0%, 6.8%, and 18.2%) and ER-/PR-/ HER2+ (0.0%, 4.54%, and 40.9%) consistent with the higher grades of tumors in general and especially GSTP1 heterozygote genotype tumors. As a conclusion, there is no correlation between GSTP1 polymorphism and increased risk of breast cancer i.e. the mutant allele is randomly distributed in cancer and control cases. However, there is a link between GSTP1 genotypes and hormone receptor expression status and certain phenotypes of breast cancer, which may have clinical importance.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2015

Objective : Complete sellar floor reconstruction is critical to avoid postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage during transsphenoidal surgery. Recently, the pedicled nasoseptal flap has undergone many modifications and eventually proved to be valuable and efficient. However, using these nasoseptal flaps in all patients who undergo transsphenoidal surgery, including those who had none or only minor CSF leakage, appears to be overly invasive and time-consuming. Methods : Patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal tumor surgery within a 5 year-period were reviewed. Since 2009, we classified the intraoperative CSF leakage into grades from 0 to 3. Sellar floor reconstruction was tailored to each leak grade. We did not use any tissue grafts such as abdominal fat and did not include any procedures of CSF diversions such as lumbar drainage. Results : Among 200 cases in 188 patients (147 pituitary adenoma and 41 other pathologies), intraoperative CSF leakage was observed in 27.4% of 197 cases : 14.7% Grade 1, 4.6% Grade 2a, 3.0% Grade 2b, and 5.1% Grade 3. Postoperative CSF leakage was observed in none of the cases. Septal bone buttress was used for Grade 1 to 3 leakages instead of any other foreign materials. Pedicled nasoseptal flap was used for Grades 2b and 3 leakages. Unused septal bones and nasoseptal flaps were repositioned. Conclusion : Modified classification of intraoperative CSF leaks and tailored repair technique in a multilayered fashion using an en-bloc harvested septal bone and vascularized nasoseptal flaps is an effective and reliable method for the prevention of postoperative CSF leaks.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6351-6356
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• 2013

Background: Goshajinkigan (GJG) is used for the treatment of several neurological symptoms. We investigated the efficacy of GJG and mecobalamin (B12) against neurotoxicity associated with docetaxel (DOC) in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty breast cancer patients were treated with DOC. Thirty-three patients (GJG group) received oral administration of 7.5 g/day GJG and 27 patients (B12 group) received oral administration of 1500 ${\mu}g/day$ B12. Neuropathy was evaluated according to DEB-NTC (Neurotoxicity Criteria of Debiopharm), Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTC) ver. 3.0, and a visual analogue scale (VAS). This study employed a randomized open design. Results: The incidence of neuropathy was 39.3% in the GJG group, and 88.9% in the B12 group (p<0.01). In the GJG group, grade 1 DEB-NTC was observed in 2 cases, grade 2 in 5 cases and grade 3 in 5 cases. Grade 1 NCI-CTC was observed in 7 cases, grade 2 in 6 cases, and VAS was $2.7{\pm}2.2$. In the B12 group, grades 1, 2 and 3 DEB-NTC were observed in one case, 12 cases and 12 cases, respectively; and grades 1, 2 and 3 NCI-CTC were observed in 11 cases, 12 cases and one case, and VAS was $4.9{\pm}2.4$. Conclusions: Concomitant administration of GJG is useful in preventing neuropathy in breast cancer patients treated with a DOC regimen.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.141-149
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• 1994

The prevalence rates of disruptive behavior disorders(attention deficit hyperactive disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, CD and ODD respectively) were studied in 780 elementary school children from 4th to 6th grades. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The prevalences rates of ADHD were in boys 10.3%(45/436), 4.1%(14/344) in girls and the overall prevalence rate was 7.6%(59/780). 2) The prevalence rates of CD were 5.0%(22/436) in boys, 2.3%(8/344) in girls and the overall prevalence rate was 3.8%(30/780). 3) The prevalence rates of ODD were 5.7%(25/436) in boys, 2.3%(8/344) in girls and the overall prevalence rate was 4.2%(33/780). 4) These three disorders were significantly more common in boys than in girls. 5) There were no significant differences in the prevalence rates of ADHD, CD and ODD by grades or urban-rural status. 6) The comorbidity of ADHD was also explored, 3.5% (2/59) of ADHD also had CD, 13.6% (8/59) had both CD and ODD. 7) The mild forms of these three disorders were about two times more common than typical forms.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2022

The lower elementary school grades are an important period in which eating habits are formed. We examined the relationship between eating habits and school meal intake in the lower grades of an elementary school in Seoul. The eating habits were investigated using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children. The school meal intake rates and preferred menus were obtained by automatically scanning the plate before and after meals using an artificial intelligence food scanner. The average school meal intake rate for the 347 subjects was 68.5±12.2%, and the nutrient intakes through the school meals were 353.5±70.0 kcal of energy, 51.8±10.2 g of carbohydrates, 14.6±3.1 g of proteins, 10.3±2.3 g of fats, 87.0±20.0 mg of calcium, and 1.8±0.4 mg of iron. The preferred menus were rice, grilled food, and dairy products, and non-preferred menus were salad, beverages, and stewed food. The eating habits that showed a positive correlation with the school meal intake rate were 'Diverse side dishes (r=0.332, P<0.001)', 'Vegetable side dishes (r=0.166, P<0.01)', 'Kimchi side dish (r=0.230, P<0.001)' and 'Less TV watching and computer game time (r=0.105, P<0.05)'. The NQ score also showed a positive correlation with the rate of school meal intake (r=0.216, P<0.001). The balance score was positively correlated with fruit (r=0.192, P<0.001), and the diversity score had the highest positive correlation with Kimchi (r=0.362, P<0.001). The regularity score was positively correlated with fried food (r=0.114, P<0.05). In conclusion, it was found that elementary school students in the lower grades had a higher school meal intake rate when their eating habits included eating side dishes evenly, and consuming vegetable side dishes and Kimchi.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.668-676
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality attributes and importance that affects their satisfaction with respect to lunchboxes amongst children from low-income families in Korea. In case of $1-3^{rd}$-grade elementary school, 57.1% received lunch box through the community child center, while 45.2%, 68.5% and 80.7% of $4-6^{th}$-elementary school, middle school, and high school students received the lunch box from home, respectively. Typically, in 40.2% of all grades, the time to eat the meal was within 1~2 hours of delivery, and 34.0% consumed the lunch within 2~6 hours of delivery. With respect to intake of the contents of lunchboxes, 72.0% of the participants answered that they ate 80% of the lunchboxes delivered and 24.9% only ate 50% of the content of lunchboxes. The largest leftover were vegetables (26.9%), and the reason for leaving food was 'do not like to eat (36.1%)' followed by 'no taste (32.6%)'. Regarding improvements in delivery lunchboxes, elementary school students selected 'taste', while middle school and high school students selected 'variety of menu'. The 'nutrition (3.69 point)' of the lunchboxes was the highest satisfaction and the 'variety of menu (3.34 point)' was the lowest. In all grades, 'nutrition' and 'hygiene' were considered to be important as quality attributes of the delivery lunchboxes, and satisfaction was also high. On the other hand, in the $1-3^{rd}$-grade elementary school, 'variety of menu' and 'amount of side dish' were important but satisfaction was low. The $4-6^{th}$-grade elementary school, middle school and high school students stated that 'taste' and 'variety of menu' were important, but satisfaction was low.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.681-690
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• 2019

Objective : To determine whether the outcomes of percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN) are influenced by the type of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and evaluate the effectiveness of PEN in patients with single-level LDH. Methods : This study included 430 consecutive patients with single-level LDH who underwent PEN. Before treatment, the LDH type was categorized as bulging, protrusion, extrusion, and sequestration, while Pfirrmann grades were assigned according to imaging findings. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain and success rates (Odom's criteria) were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Results : The mean preoperative VAS scores for back and leg pain were 6.90 and 4.23, respectively; these decreased after PEN as follows : 2.25 and 1.45, respectively, at 1 month; 2.61 and 1.68, respectively, at 3 months; 2.28 and 1.48, respectively, at 6 months; and 2.88 and 1.48, respectively, at 12 months (p<0.001). The decrease in VAS scores for leg pain was significantly greater in the extrusion and sequestration groups than in the other two groups (p<0.05); there were no other significant differences among groups. More than 70% patients exhibited good or excellent 12-month outcomes according to Odom's criteria. Subsequent surgery was required for 59 patients (13.7%), with a significantly higher rate in the extrusion (25.0%) and sequestration (30.0%) groups than in the bulging (7.3%) and protrusion (13.8%) groups (p<0.05). Nevertheless, subsequent surgery was not required for >70% patients with extrusion or sequestration. Patients with Pfirrmann grades 1-3 (14.0-21.5%) showed a significantly higher rate of subsequent surgery than those with Pfirrmann grade 0 (4.9%; p<0.05). Conclusion : Our findings suggest that PEN is an effective treatment for back and leg pain caused by single-level LDH, with the outcomes remaining unaffected by the LDH type.