• 대한약침학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.103-125
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• 1997

In order to study of safety, Hwanggum(黃芩) aqua-acupuncture was prepared by boiling extract and filtration. This study was performed to determine the toxic effects of graded dose levels and effects of Scutellaria Root after repeated administration(14days). From these results, Hwanggum(黃芩) aqua-acupuncture was quite sag in male and female rats.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.97-99
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• 2002

In the present study, Pisonia grandis leaves were extracted with chloroform and methanol. The extracts were vacuum dried to yield the respective chloroform (CE) and methanol extract (ME). CE and ME were evaluated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory (acute and chronic) and diuretic activity at 2 dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg). Significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were associated with CE and ME. CE at the dose level of 500 mg/kg was found to exhibit equivalent chronic anti-inflammatory activity as diclofenac at 50 mg/kg dose level. Significant diuretic activity was exhibited by ME. Graded dose response for all the activities were observed for the extracts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.651-654
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• 1996

The effect of guanethidine on feeding behavior was investigated in the chicken. Graded levels of chronically administered guanethidine, an adrenergic neurone blocker, at 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, decreased body weight gain and food intake in a dose dependent manner. The effect of acute guanethidine administration on crop emptying rate of the chicken was also investigated. The highest level (10 mg i.v./kg body weight) of guanethidine significantly delayed crop emptying compared with the control. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system in the chicken is an important factor for the regulation of feeding behavior associated with food passage from the crop.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.322-329
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• 1990

한국산 도롱뇽 유생의 다리재생에 미치는 retinoic acid의 효과를 알아보았다. 도롱뇽 유생의 다리를 distal zeugopodium 또는 distal stylopodium 부위에서 절단하고 절단 후 4일째에 복강내 주사방법으로 RA를 처리한 결과 근원위 축상에서 재생된 골격이 복제되어 근위부화한 형태를 나타내었다. RA처리에 따른 골격 재생이 평균 근위 부화정도는 처리량이 증가와 더불어 증가하였으며 또한 절단부위를 달리하였을 경우에도 영향을 받았다. 근원위 축상에서 평균 근위부화정도의 최대치에 근접한 값은 처리량을 150 $\mu$ g/g body wt.로 했을 때 얻어졌으며 이 처리량을 넘어서는 경우에는 재생의 저해 혹은 주변으로부터의 골격복제 현상이 나타났으며 그 빈도 역시 처리량의 증가와 함께 상승하였다. 이러한 실험결과는 RA처리에 의하여 유발되리라고 보여지는 positional value의 변화가 근원위축을 비롯한 3개의 주요 축상에서 점진적으로 일어남을 시사하며, zeugopodium의 복제가 stylopodium의 복제보다 쉽게 일어난다는 사실은 근원위축상에서 세포들의 RA에 대한 민감성이 동이하지 않거나 혹은 positional value의 배열양상이 직선적이 아님을 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.252-260
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• 2015

본 논문은 ICRP103 환경방호를 대비하여 국내에서 개발된 야생동식물 선량평가 코드 K-BIOTA의 기술적 배경 및 적용 사례를 기술한다. K-BIOTA는 스크리닝(screening) 선량평가(Level 1&2)와 부지 특성적 상세평가(Level 3)의 3단계의 단계적 평가방법을 적용한다. 스크리닝 단계평가는 상세평가의 필요성 여부를 판단하기 위한 예비적 평가 단계로 개별적인 생물종보다는 동식물을 그룹별로 구분하여 평가한다. Level 1 평가는 스크리닝 목적의 참조준위로부터 유도된 최대환경매체농도 값과 실제 환경매체농도 값의 비교로부터 위험도 지표(risk quotient)를 계산한다. Level 1 평가 결과 위험도 지표가 1보다 작으면 생태계의 건전성이 유지된다는 결론과 함께 평가를 종료하고, 1 보다 크면 동식물 그룹별로 평균적인 전이계수나 평형분배계수 값을 적용하여 조금 더 실제적인 Level 2 평가를 수행한다. 따라서 Level 2 평가가 Level 1 평가보다 덜 보수적이다. Level 2평가에서 위험도지표가 1 보다 작으면 생태계의 건전성이 유지된다는 결론을 내리고 평가를 종료하고, 1보다 크면 Level 3 평가를 수행한다, Level 3 평가는 부지 특성적 데이터를 고려하는 상세평가단계로, 동식물 그룹별 평가 대신 부지 대표적 동식물에 대한 개별적 선량평가를 수행하며, 대표적 동식물의 종류 및 크기, 거주인자, 전이계수, 평형분배계수에 대한 부지 특성적인 값을 사용한다. 또한 Level 3 평가 단계에서는 전이계수, 평형분배계수, 환경매체농도 (토양농도 또는 물의 농도)에 대한 개별 동식물의 피폭 선량률에 대한 불확실도 분석을 선택적으로 수행할 수 있다. 적용 가능한 확률밀도함수는 정규분포, 로그정규분포, 균일분포, 지수분포의 4가지이다. 국제원자력기구의 EMRAS II (Environmental Modeling for Radiation Safety) 모델 시나리오 비교 공동연구에 참가하여 K-BIOTA의 적용성을 검증하였다. 그 결과로 K-BIOTA는 다양한 오염 환경에서 거주하는 야생동식물의 방사선 영향을 평가하는데 유용함이 입증되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.217-233
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• 1992

This study was performed to determine the toxic effects of graded dose levels of SKI 2053R after repeated administration. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats(10M and 10F per group) were given a total of 25 i.v. injections of SKI 2053R (1.50,3.75,9.38mg/kg/day). In order to compare the toxic effects of SKI 2053R with those of cisplatin, one group of Sprague-Dawley rats (10M and 10F per group) were given a total of 25 i.v.injections of cisplatin (1.70mg/kg/day). The dosing schedule was divided into five courses of 5 consecutive days with 16-day dose-free intervals between each course. No drug-related toxicity occurred in low dose level group (1.50mg/kg/day) of SKI2053R. From the results of hematological examination, peripheral WBC counts, RBC counts and hemoglobin of high dose level group(9.38mg/kg/day)of SKI 2053R were significantly lower than those of no-treated group. Other toxicities including reduced final body weight, proteinuria and hematuria were observed in high dose level group of SKI 2053R. But, no change was detected in serum biochemical values of SKI 2053R treated groups. All of the rats in cisplatin treated group were died between 3 and 13 weeks, while rats treated with SKI2053R survived to the end except one rat of middle dose level group(3.75mg/kg/day). In histopathological examinations, rats that received cisplatin manifested severe tubular damage in kidney and hemosiderosis in spleen, but no critical pathological lesion was observed in rats of other groups. Considering the results of this study, it was concluded that non-toxic dose of SKI 2053R in this treatment schedule was estimated to be 3.75 mg/kg/day and the maximum tolerated dose was to be higher than 9.38mg/kg/day. The toxic profiles fo SKI 2053R were different from those of cisplatin, and its toxicity was considerably lower than that of cisplatin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.162-170
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• 1998

The dose response effects of different levels of wheat barn (WB) supplementation to a rice straw based diet has been studied in growing native (Bos indicus) bulls of Bangladesh. Twelve bulls of $266{\pm}29.6kg$ live weight and $32{\pm}9.5$ months old were given either of three diets of ad libitum untreated rice straw alone (T1) or straw supplemented with 2 (T2) or 3 (T3) kg WB. Besides, the experimental animals also received a mineral mixture. In 4 weeks, data were recorded on the intake, digestibility, microbial N (MN) yield, N balance (NB) and growth rate (GR). In the three diets, WB was 0 (T1), 29.6 (T2) and 42 (T3) percent of the total DM intake. With the increasing levels of WB supplementation, the total DM and OM intake increased, but the straw intake decreased linearly. WB supplementation increased the digestibilities of DM, OM and N but had no effect on ADF digestibility. The urinary purine derivative excretion and hence the MN yield increased with WB supplementation. The total MN yield were 7.26 and 35 g/d respectively for 0.2 and 3 kg WB supplementation. However, the efficiency of MN yield was highest (13 g/kg DOMR) at 2 kg WB level. Despite the increase DOM intake, the dietary ME content remain below 6 MJ/kg DM even at 3 kg WB supplementation. The NB were -84,467 and 1,620 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ which were reflected on the GR of -186,346 and 554 g/d for 0, 2 and 3 kg WB supplementation respectively. Depending on the cost effectiveness, on an untreated rice straw diet, WB may be supplemented by up to 3 kg/d (42% of the diet) or more. However, if the maximum utilization of roughage is the main concern, the optimum WB level would probably be around 2 kg (30% of the diet) daily.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.916-923
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• 2010

We report nutritional physiology and non-specific immune responses of vitamin E in parrot fish for the first time. This study aimed to investigate the essentiality and requirements in diets based on growth performances, non-specific immune responses and a challenge test against Vibrio angullarum. Six casein-gelatin based semi-purified diets were formulated to contain six graded levels of DL-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate (${\alpha}$-TA) at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 500 mg/kg diet (designated as E0, E25, E50, E75, E100 and E500, respectively) and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile parrot fish for 12 weeks. The analyzed dietary concentrations of vitamin E were 0, 38, 53, 87, 119 and 538 mg/kg diet for E0, E25, E50, E75, E100 and E500, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed the E25 were significantly higher compared to that of fish fed the other diets. Liver ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased with an increase in dietary ${\alpha}$-TA in a dose dependent manner. No apparent clinical signs of vitamin E deficiency and mortality were observed in fish fed the basal diet for 12 weeks. Among the immune responses assayed, phagocytic (NBT assay) and myeloperoxidase activities were significantly increased with increment of dietary ${\alpha}$-TA levels. During the challenge test with V. anguillarum, E75, E100, and E500 diets resulted in higher survivals than E0, E25 and E50 diets. The findings of this study suggest that parrot fish require exogenous vitamin E and the optimum dietary level could be approximately 38 mg ${\alpha}$-TA/kg diet for normal growth and physiology. Dietary ${\alpha}$-TA concentration over 500 mg/kg could be required to enhance the nonspecific immune responses and improve the resistance of juvenile parrot fish against V. anguillarum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1506-1515
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• 2008

Two feeding trials were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability (RBV) of methionine hydroxy analogue calcium salt (MHA-Ca) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met). Male Ross 308 (1-38 days) and Cobb 500 chickens (1-42 days) were used in studies 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental diets based on wheat and soybean meal or sorghum and soybean meal were fed during three phases. In both experiments graded levels of DL-Met and MHA-Ca were supplemented to Met+Cys deficient basal diets. Additionally, in experiment 1, increasing levels of a DL-Met preparation diluted with corn starch to 65% purity (DL-Met65) were supplemented. Birds were kept in floor pens and feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental periods and weight gain and feed efficacy were computed subsequently. At the end of the experiments, a number of birds were slaughtered for carcass evaluation (dressing percentage, breast meat yield). Dose response data were analysed by both ANOVA and nonlinear common plateau asymptotic regression. In both experiments birds responded significantly to increasing levels of either methionine source. However, RBV of MHA-Ca compared to DL-Met was markedly (in many cases significantly) below 84%, the value which would have been expected from MHA-Ca's chemical characteristics. Excluding some extremely low RBV figures of trial 2, RBV of MHA-Ca averaged to about 63% in relation to DL-Met. In addition, supplementation of DL-Met65 allowed confirmation of nonlinear common plateau asymptotic regression to be suitable to determine RBV.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.773-788
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Due to the rapid increase of global cancer incidence and mortality and a high level of interest in cancer prevention, a systematic review of garlic intake and cancer risk is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We implemented a systematic review to examine the effects of varying levels of garlic intake on cancer. We conducted comprehensive literature searches in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between database inception and July or September of 2018. Two investigators independently screened abstracts and full-texts, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (RoB). A total of one medium-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 13 cohort studies graded as high RoB were included. RESULTS: The 1-year follow-up results from a RCT showed that a significant decrease in the number and size of colorectal adenomas among participants with colorectal adenomas who received high-dose aged garlic extract (AGE) compared with those who received low-dose AGE (P < 0.05). The results of prospective observational studies provided inconsistent associations of colorectal cancer risk with garlic supplements and garlic intake as food. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the AGE was effective in reducing the number and magnitude of colorectal adenomas in one RCT, but there were inconsistent associations between garlic intake and colorectal cancer in cohort studies. Therefore, we could not draw a firm conclusion regarding the effects of garlic on cancer, because the current strength of evidence is inadequate due to a lack of number of high-quality RCTs.