• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.74-85
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate present situation of recovery and treatment of waste home appliances, and to supply basic data for active reuse and recycling of waste home appliances. Among waste home appliances, refrigerator comprise 30.7%, television 37.8%, washing machine 22.9% and air conditioner 0.3%. Local government collected 46.2% of waste home appliances, producer and agent collected 49.7%, recycling center 4.1%. Seventeen percentage of waste home appliances are reused, 65% are recycled, and 18% are landfilled or incinerated. To improve the recycling activity of waste of home appliances, it is important to establish private reuse and recycling organization. It is also necessary to improve waste deposit and refund system for efficient recycling by decent financial support. Extension of a term of usage is another method to minimize waste home appliances. Finally, intensive education for consumer is necessary for waste minimization. Some portion of recycling and treatment cost can be allocated to the local government and large private business can shred and recycle waste home appliances.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.517-541
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• 2012

Since the Korea-Chile FTA in 2003, eight FTAs are now in force including Korea-EU and Korea-US FTA. The government anticipate that FTAs increase the GDP of Korea. Government-related research institutes officially reports the positive economic impact in Korea. However, the report does not show that how much Busan economy is affected by the FTAs. For this reason, we study the economic effects of FTAs in Busan. We compare the trade statistics before and after the time each FTA is in force. The resulting figures show that the exports and trades of Busan with the FTA nations increased significantly after the enforcement. For example, the exports to Chile increased by 273% when we compare the three-year average trade. We also construct an econometrics model to estimate the price elasticity. The estimated elasticity of exports for manufactured goods is 1.38 while that of imports is 0.83. Among the manufacturing industry, machinery has the highest price elasticity, 1.8. The average tariff for manufactured goods is 3.9% for FTA nations, while that is 5.8% for Busan. This higher price fall in Busan is offset by the lower price elasticity to make Busan's export increase be greater than Busan's import increase. Busan's export increases by 4.8% while import increases by 3.7%. So, it is expected to be added to the annual trade surplus of approximately $107million.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2023

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global shortage of medical resources; therefore, we investigated whether COVID-19 impacted the quality of non-COVID-19 hospital care in Korea by comparing hospital standardized mortality rates (HSMRs) before and during the pandemic. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed Korean National Health Insurance discharge claim data obtained from January to June in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. Patients' in-hospital deaths were classified according to the most responsible diagnosis categories. The HSMR is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths to actual deaths. The time trend in the overall HSMR was analyzed by region and hospital type. Results: The final analysis included 2 252 824 patients. In 2020, the HSMR increased nationwide (HSMR, 99.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 97.7 to 101.0) in comparison to 2019 (HSMR, 97.3; 95% CI, 95.8 to 98.8). In the COVID-19 pandemic zone, the HSMR increased significantly in 2020 (HSMR, 112.7; 95% CI, 107.0 to 118.7) compared to 2019 (HSMR, 101.7; 95% CI, 96.9 to 106.6). The HSMR in all general hospitals increased significantly in 2020 (HSMR, 106.4; 95% CI, 104.3 to 108.5) compared to 2019 (HSMR, 100.3; 95% CI, 98.4 to 102.2). Hospitals participating in the COVID-19 response had a lower HSMR (HSMR, 95.6; 95% CI, 93.9 to 97.4) than hospitals not participating in the COVID-19 response (HSMR, 124.3; 95% CI, 119.3 to 129.4). Conclusions: This study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may have negatively impacted the quality of care in hospitals, especially general hospitals with relatively few beds. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to prevent excessive workloads in hospitals and to properly employ and coordinate the workforce.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.283-295
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• 1979

A new Farmland Expansion and Development Promotion Law was enacted in 1975. This law authorizes the Government to undertake development within a declared "reclamation area", wherever the land owners are unable to do so. In order to give additional impetus to conversion of waste hilly land into productive farmland, these hilly land development projects were conducted as large scale scheme which include soil fertility improvements such as the application of lime and phosphate. Farmland Expansion and Development Promotion Corps has attempted to undertake annual farm surveys in order to obtain some information about hilly land agriculture and farming operations within the reclamation project areas since 1976. As survey data accumulates, more and more clear picture of hilly land farming come to appear and enable us to conduct in-depth study. Effects of such upland reclamation include converting of previously unproductive slopeland into cultivable farmland for lucrative and commercial farming or food production. Furthermore, idle or marginal resources such as farm labor, equipment and compost would be fully employed. Socio-economic effects would include increases in land value and attitude change of farmers. On the other hand the preservation of natural environments might be damaged to the some extend by the projects. As shown in Table 7, the average farm size increased from 3,156 pyeong($3.3m^2$) to 5,562 pyeong, a 76.2% increase. The proportion of small farms with less than I ha dropped from 59.8% to 34.4%, but that of the large farms over 2 ha rose from 13.1% to 32.0% (See Table 8). The survey results indicate that as the farming on reclaimed uplands become time-honored, the acreage devoted for food crop production decreases against the economic crop growing acreage (see Table 6). For example, in the case of uplands reclaimed in 1972, the ratio of food crop acreages decreased from 99.7% in 1972 to 62.5% in 1977, whereas that of economic crop acreages increased from 0.3% in 1972 to 37.5% in 1977. The government used to actively encourage the farmers to carry out food crop production in the reclaimed upland targting toward the realization of self-sufficiency in food grains. It is, however, apparent that the farmers did hardly take the government advises as far as their economic interest were concerned. Yield per 10a. of various crops from the reclaimed uplands by year were surveyed as seen in Table 12. On the average, barley production in the reclaimed areas achieved 83.3% of the average unit yield from the existing upland in its 5 th year. Soybean yields showed a modest increase from 64% in the first year to 95%, in the 5 th year. In contrast, economic crops such as red pepper, totacco and radish achieved their maximum target yields in 3 years from starting to cultivate on the reclaimed farms. In order to test the post economic viability, an economic analysis was performed for each of selected subprojects on the basis of the data obtained through survey. The average actual internal economic rate of return on upland reclamation investments was found to be 20.3% which exceeded other types of projects of land and water development such as tidal land reclamation, irrigation or paddy rearrangement. The actual IRRs of subcategories of upland reclamation projects varied from 17.9% to 21.4% depending upon the kinds of cropping system adopted in each reclaimed areas such as food, economic, fruit or forage crops.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.325-332
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the oral health status of elderly under visiting health care and their oral health-related quality of life. The subjects were 300 elderly under visiting health care program over 65 years old in Asan city and they were interviewed. The result showed that average Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) score was 37.36 and the lowest scored question was 'never satisfied with the oral condition'. In GOHAI related to oral health behaviors, unmet dental treatment experience was statistically significant (p<0.001). In overall GOHAI, number of remaining teeth (p<0.001) and the age had statistical significance and men had higher score in pain and discomfort (p<0.05), under age of 74 limited function factors score was high (p<0.01). The number of remaining teeth had statistical significances in most factors except pain and discomfort (p<0.001). The factors affecting GOHAI were age (p<0.05), number of remaining teeth (p<0.001) and perceived health state (p<0.001). In order to improve oral health-related quality of life of elderly receiving visiting oral health care services, it is necessary to increase denture support by securing budgets and developing oral health promotion programs at the local government level.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.6150-6157
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• 2014

This study evaluated the perception, school stress, psychological factors, and association of students in middle and high school groups in terms of their BMI (Body Mass Index). The '2010 Korea Youth Health Survey 'was used to study data 7187 people. The subjects were classified into the underweight group (BMI < 20), normal group (BMI 20 - 24), overweight group (BMI of 25-29), and obese group (BMI of 30 or higher). The subjects found to have experienced smoking were as follows: underweight BMI group (17.2%), normal weight group (18.4%), overweight group (21.8%), and obese group (25.8%) (p=0.016). The level of satisfaction was as follows: $14.24{\pm}3.15$ for the normal weight group, $13.67{\pm}3.13$ for the overweight, and $12.84{\pm}3.72$ in the obese group. The normal-weight group had a higher level of satisfaction (p=0.005). Underweight, normal, overweight, and obese BMI group were at school for an average of $33.57{\pm}5.76$, $33.45{\pm}5.50$, $33.12{\pm}5.34$, and $32.21{\pm}7.43$ hours per week, respectively (p=0.044). Therefore, the development of social misfit youths needs to be managed properly and effectively to improve their physical and mental health. Industry, academia and government need to collaborate with programs to achieve this aim.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

This study aimed to select and evaluate policy priorities for the expansion of public and semi-public systems for coastwise passenger transport services. For research methodology, the Consistent Fuzzy Preference Relations (CFPR) method was used to effectively extract expert knowledge. First, the result of the analysis on policy tasks for expanding the semi-public system for coastwise passenger transport services showed that "the establishment of public transportation fare system" was the most important task at 0.160. Second, "conversion of the subsidiary routes to a public system by the central government" was ranked next at the importance of 0.136. The factor named "support through proper allocation of budgets between national and local governments" are ranked third (0.119). The results of this study have practical implications in that it proposed the policy priorities for the expansion of the public semi-public systems for coastwise passenger transport services.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2002

It is essential to improve the quality of life of the elderly in aging society. Regular exercise as nursing intervention is needed to prevent diseases, maintain and promote their health, and thus promote the quality of life for the elderly, especially who generally had poor cognition for their health maintenance and promotion in a low class community. Subjects consisted of 30 women. over 65 years old in a community welfare center, who lived in the low class apartments financially supported by the local government in G city, Gangwon Province, Korea. The program consisted of dancing on music for approximately 50 minutes, 3 times a week for 10 weeks. Experimental data were analyzed with $x^2-test$, t-test, mean values, standard deviation, percentage of change and paired t-test using SAS program. After the recreation dance, the mean value of the experimental group was decreased from 7.62 to 7.44 (t=-0.258, P=0.799), and that of the control group was also decreased from 7.00 to 6.58 (t=-0.971, P=0.349) in depression. However, there were no statistically significant differences in scores of depression between two groups. In life satisfaction, the mean value of the experimental group was increased from 19.07 to 26.50 (t=2.392, P=0.030), but that of the control group was decreased from 15.92 to 13.71 (t=-1.060, P=0.305). Thus it shows that there was a statistically significant improvement on life satisfaction after the recreation dance.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.297-307
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary attitudes and meal management of married immigrant women according to residence period in Korea. The study was conducted by administering a questionnaire survey to 220 married immigrant women in Korea. More than one third of the immigrant women who stayed in Korea less than 3 years tended to eat a limited variety of foods. Irregularity of meal time decreased as residence time period increased (P<0.05). As immigrant women stayed longer in Korea, they became more responsible for the diet of their family (P<0.001) and had more time to share breakfast and dinner with all family members (P<0.05). Nearly half of immigrant women in all residence periods indicated their husband's family as the most influential factor in acquiring Korean foods (P<0.05). Immigrant women became more familiar with Korean cooking and recognition of nutritious foods (P<0.001) the longer they lived in Korea and more enjoyable meal times with family (P<0.05). In summary, as the period of residence in Korea increased, the dietary attitudes of immigrant women became more positive towards Korean food and diet culture. Further, immigrant women became more responsible for guiding children's dietary habits and offering healthy foods to their family as residence period increased. Therefore, the government and social programs should conduct constant and organized lessons on Korean culture and cooking according to residence period for immigrant women to build up stable and positive dietary attitudes.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1488-1502
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• 2000

This study, based on current home nursing services, aims at promoting measures for establishing a community-based home nursing system derived from the pilot home nursing demonstration project conducted by the Seoul Nurses Association. The study was based on an analysis of home nursing records from march 1993 to December 1999. The following is a summary analysis, based on individual characteristics of the patients, the organization, which recommended the service for their patients and personnel services. 1. The service has been used by many elderly people 60years of age or older(66.4%). and married people(60.9%). The average number of visits by service personnel for patients of city government was 23.5. This is 2.5 times as many visits by general patients. General patients(20.2%) had only one visit from service personnel, while 65.5% of patients of city government had 10 or more visits. Particularly, for government recommended patients, 72.7% of the patients were recommended by nurses, while only 21.9% where referred to the services by doctors. The main focus of a home nursing service was to maintain present health status (53.4%), and hospice(11.6%). Also to increase hospital-based home nursing services focused on recovery(55.9%) and maintain present health conditions (19.0%). 2. For general patients, 42.0% of patients were suffering from problems related to CVA, 11.3% from high blood pressure, and for patients referred from city, 21.2% from skeletal muscular disease. Results of home nursing services 29.4% of patients were able to recover or maintain their health status, but 48.9% of the patients died. Another main point of community-based home nursing services is medication(6.7%), other basic nursing services(6.1%), special treatment, instructions on how to use medical devices(5.9%), change of physical posture(4.6%), and training on changing physical positions(4.7%). As mentioned above there were some differences between the characteristics of patients who used the pilot home nursing service conducted by the Seoul Nurses Association and those hospital-based service users. The results are believed to be useful to support a community-based home nursing service model. Particularly, patients under medical supervision and patients recommended by government-run health clinics show a higher frequency and longer use of home nursing services compared to general patients or hospital-based home nursing service users. According to the study, nurses accounted for a large number of recommendations for home nursing services. Many patients with CVA, high blood pressure, skeletal muscular disease and bedsores used community-based home nursing services, while others used the service for minor treatments or maintaining their current health status. Based on the study, the researchers make several suggestions to establish a community- based home nursing service system. First, different ways of setting up a community-based home nursing system have to be mapped out based on the evaluation of the pilot home nursing service conducted by the Seoul Nurses Association. Secondly, a new, community-based, home health care nursing service model, and reimbursement payment system have to be developed. This is based on the outcome of the analysis, and implemented policy. Accordingly, efforts are needed to develop a community- based home nursing system with an intermediary role to promote the visiting nursing services of government-run health centers.