• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Purpose: The study sought to determine the state of blood glucose control, and the consequent clinical effects and variation in blood glucose level, of adult patients admitted to intensive care units following cardiothoracic surgery by comparing the blood glucose levels before and after the application of a blood glucose control protocol. Methods: The protocol was developed by modifying and supplementing the Yale protocol, and was first used in 2012. The resulting blood glucose data of an experimental group (n = 314), to which the blood glucose control protocol had been applied, and a control group (n = 347), whose blood glucose levels had been controlled according to physicians'prescriptions without the protocol, were collected through the medical records. Results: The target blood glucose ratio increased significantly in the experimental group, and the low blood glucose ratio decreased significantly in the experimental group. The two groups exhibited a significant difference (p < .001) in the degree of variation in the blood glucose levels. The duration of the use of a ventilator was significantly reduced in the experimental group (p < .001). Conclusion: It is expected that the protocol can be used for the safe and effective control of critically ill cardiothoracic surgery patients' blood glucose levels.

• Journal of Neurocritical Care
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2018

Proper glucose management in hospitalized patients can improve clinical outcomes. In particular, intensive care unit (ICU) patients are known to have significantly higher rates of mortality from changes in blood glucose due to severe comorbidities. Improving glucose control in ICU patients, therefore, can improve mortality and prognosis. Several studies related to the management of blood glucose in the ICU patients have been conducted. Intensive glucose management of surgical ICU patients has been successful. However, studies on medical ICU patients did not demonstrate positive effects of strict glycemic control. There is no independent glucose management goal for neurological ICU patients. However, maintenance of the usual glucose control target of 140-180 mg/dL is recommended for ICU patients. Intravenous insulin infusion is essential for glucose control in ICU patients not consuming a regular diet, and caution should be exercised to prevent hypoglycemia.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.16-19
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• 2011

In patents with diabetes, the higher the serum glucose level was, the more cardiovascular events and death were observed. But with a certain kind of group, to control glucose level tightly does not decrease the incidence of these events. Several studies show that intensive glucose control does not gain benefit in patient with long standing, uncontrolled diabetes, especially having previous cardiovascular events, while definitely preventing progression of newly onset of diabetic nephropathy. Whether intensive glucose control increases mortality in high risk group is obscure and needs more studies with longer observation time.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of family support for diabetic patients and the diet therapy practice of patients themselves, and to analyze the relationship between family support and diet therapy practice and blood glucose control, and thus to prepare basic data for the development of effective education programs to improve blood glucose control in diabetic patients. The study subjects were 82 patients with type II diabetes, aged over 20 in the Chungbuk area. The gender distribution of subjects was 52.4% males and 47.6% females, and BMI showed 29.3% overweight and 35.3% obesity. Among the 82 study subjects, the relationship between diet therapy related family support and blood glucose control was examined in 67 subjects who answered practicing diet therapy, and the results showed that the family support score of a group with excellent blood glucose control was significantly higher than those of groups with fair or poor control (p<0.001) and the correlation between the two factors was very high (r=0.341, p<0.001). For the relationship between diet therapy practice by patients themselves and blood glucose control, diet therapy practice of a group with excellent blood glucose control was significantly higher than those of other groups (fair or poor control groups) (p<0.001) and the correlation between two factors was very high (r=0.304, p<0.001). For other factors influencing blood glucose control, a group with diabetes education showed significantly better blood glucose control compared to other groups without education (p<0.05). From the above results, diet therapy practice by patients, family support, and the necessity of diabetes education were confirmed to control blood glucose of diabetic patients. In conclusion, development and operation of education program should include not only patients but also their family members.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2003

This research was conducted to study the effects of the supplementation of multi-extracts of mori folium (MF) and of exercise on plasma insulin and glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 weeks old, were assigned to each experimental group and were raised in the laboratory for 10 weeks. The animal groups consisted of a normal-control group, a STZ-control group, 3 STZ-induced diabetic groups supplemented ad libitum with various amounts of MF extracts (MF-720, MF-360, and MF-180 groups), and a STZ-induced diabetic group supplemented with MF-360 along with exercise. In the normal-control group, glucose tolerance tests resulted in the peak blood glucose level being achieved in 15 minutes and a fasting blood glucose level being achieved in 60 minutes. In the STZ-control group, the peak blood glucose level was reached after 60 minutes and, even after 90 minutes, blood glucose shown at a significantly higher level compared to the fasting levels. In the groups supplemented with MF extracts, the blood glucose level peaked after 30 minutes of glucose challenge, and returned to the fasting level after 90 minutes; the MF-360 and MF-360+exercise groups showed the best levels of glucose tolerance. Blood glucose levels in the STZ-induced diabetic groups were significantly higher compared to the normal-control group. However, after 7 weeks of supplementation with MF extracts, a significant lowering of blood glucose levels was observed in all groups supplemented with the MF extract. The best effect was observed in the group given MF extract combined with exercise. Compared to the normal-control group, blood insulin levels were significantly lower in all STZ-induced diabetic groups; however, a significantly higher level of insulin was observed in the groups given MF extracts compared to the STZ-control group. This study shows that the supplementation of MF extracts in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in increased blood insulin levels and lower blood glucose levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.819-827
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• 1994

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of 50% buckwheat diet on the body weight, organ weight, urine albumin, urine glucose, plasma glucose and plasma lipid in normal rats and diabetic rats treated with streptozotocin(STZ). The food intake, body weight, the level of urine glucose in diabetic buckwheat groups were not significantly different with diabetic control group. The level of urine albumin was lower in raw and steam buckwheat group than in the diabetic control group. Compared to the normal control group, liver and kidney weights were heavier in the diabetic groups. Pancreas weight was heavier diabetic buckwheat groups than in normal and diabetic control groups. Fasting plasma glucose level of diabetic buckwheat groups significantly decreased by 18-37% compared with the diabetic control group. Plasma triglyceride level of diabetic buckwheat groups significantly decreased by 34-50% compared with the diabetic control group. Plasma total cholesterol level of diabetic buckwheat groups decreased by 15-27% compared with the diabetic control group. The level of HDL-cholesterol was not affected by buckwheat diet. These results indicate that buckwheat is an effective therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in diabetics.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.23-27
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• 1969

Plasma glucose levels before and after oral glucose administration have been compared in a group of 76 thyrotoxic subjects and a group of 8 normal control subjects in order to study the effect of glucose loading in thyrotoxicosis. Following were the results: 1. The mean fasting plasma glucose level was elevated in the thyrotoxic group(95.5mg%) compared to normal control group (88mg%). 2. The peak of glucose tolerance curve is at 30 minutes after glucose administration in both groups, but its mean value was 44mg% higher in thyrotoxic group than in control group. 3. The plasma glucose levels returned towards the fasting level in the later stage of the test more rapidly in thyrotoxic group than in control group. 4. 69.6% of oral glucose tolerance tests were impaired in the thyrotoxic group, and the occurance of abnormal glucose tolerance could be related to the degree of thyrotoxicity, sex and age. 5. The mechanisms of the impaired glucose tolerance in thyrotoxicosis are thought to be related to an increased rate of glucose absorption from gastrointestinal tract, abnormal liver function with decreased hepatic glycogenesis, increased glucose oxidation, decreased pancreatic release of insulin, and genetic relationship between diabetes and thyrotoxicosis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to investigate nutritional status of middle aged Korean men exhibiting impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and identify the risk factors related to IGT Data were collected from 163 men with a fasting blood glucose level from 115 to 139mg/dl(high blood glucose group: HBG) and 170 men with a normal fasting blood glucose level(control) aged from 40 to 59 years in both groups. Weight, body mass index(BMI) and percent body fat were significantly higher in high blood glucose(HBG) group than those of control group. Age, weight, BMI, percent body fat were positively related to blood glucose. There were no differences in exercise, smoking and family history of diabetes between two groups. Frequency of fat eating and overeating of HBG were higher than those of control group but frequency of sweet snacks intake of HBG was lower than that of control group. There was no difference in daily total energy intake in two groups. Total and supper energy intakes were positively associated with blood glucose. Percent energy intake of alcohol was significantly higher in HBG group and positively related to blood glucose, however there were no difference in daily intake of nutrients in two groups. Alcohol intake was positively related to BMI, but after adjusting BMI, there was no correlation between alcohol intake and blood glucose. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in HBG group than those of control group. Serum total cholesterol i,nd triglyceride were positively related to blood glucose and high density lipoprotein cholesterol was negatively associated with blood glucose. After adjusting BMI, serum triglyceride was positively related to blood glucose. In conclusion, weight, BMI, percent body fat and blood total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were positively related to blood glucose level of middle aged Korean men exhibiting impaired glucose tolerance. Their eating habits exhibited higher frequency of overeating, fast eating, high energy intakes of supper. (Korean J Nutrition 33(1) : 59-67, 2000)

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1988

In the present study the effect of exercise on the conversion rate of ingested glucose to glycogen in the different types of hindlimb skeletal muscles in Sprague-Dawley male rats was studied. The amounts of synthetized glycogen from ingested glucose of fast-twitch white(WV), fast-twitch red(RV), mixed type of fast-twitch white and red(EDL), and slow-twitch(SOL) muscles were determined at 30 and 90 min. after ingestion of 25% glucose solution which contained $^{14}C$-glucose($2m{\ell}(1uCi)$/100gm B. W.)in control and exercise loaded rats. The result was summarized as follows : The about 55% at 30 min. and 70% at 90 min. after glucose ingestion were absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. This result shows no effects of exercise on absorption rate from gastrointestinal tract. The amount of synthetized glycogen of SOL from ingested glucose at 30 and 90 min. after glucose ingestion were highest, whether WV were lowest in hindlimb skeletal muscles in control and exercise loaded rats. In the exercise loaded rats, the amounts of synthetized glycogen of SOL, RV, and EDL at 90 min. after glucose ingestion was much higher than control rats, but not different in WV between exercise-loaded and control rats. At 30 min. after glucose ingestion, only SOL of exercise loaded rats was higher than control rats. In the control rat, the synthesis of glycogen was almost completed during initial 30 minutes. On the other hand, in the exercise loaded rat, except WV was opposite result of control rats, i. e., amounts of synthetized glycogen were major during late period. The amount of synthetized glycogen of liver at 30 and 90 min. after glucose ingestion in exercise loaded rats was higher than control rats. The rate of glycogen synthesis in control and exercise loaded rats were higher between 30-90 minute than initial 30 minute.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.240-246
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• 2008

Cassia tora L. seeds have previously been reported to reduce blood glucose level in human and animals with diabetes. In the present study, the effects of Cassia tora L. seed butanol fraction (CATO) were studied on postprandial glucose control and insulin secretion from the pancreas of the normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by an i.p. injection of Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW) into the male Sprague-Dawley rats. The postprandial glucose control was monitored during a 240 min-period using a maltose loading test. In normal rats, rats fed CATO (20 mg/l00 g BW/d) showed lower postprandial glucose levels in all the levels from 30 min up to 180 min than those in the control rats without CATO (p<0.05). In diabetic rats, those levels in the CATO group seemed to be lower during the $30{\sim}180$ min, but only glucose level at 30 min showed significant difference compared to that in the control group. Moreover, CATO delayed the peak time of the glucose rise in both normal and diabetic rats in the glucose curves. On the other hand, when CATO was administered orally to the diabetic rats for 5 days, 12 hr fasting serum glucose level was decreased in the diabetic rats (p<0.05). Degree of a decrease in 12 hr fasting serum insulin levels was significantly less in the diabetic CATO rats as compared to diabetic control rats. On the last day of feeding, P cells of the pancreas were stimulated by 200 mg/dL glucose through a 40 min-pancreas perfusion. Amounts of the insulin secreted from the pancreas during the first phase ($11{\sim}20$ min) and the second phase ($21{\sim}40$ min) in the CATO fed diabetic rats were significantly greater than those in the diabetic control group (p<0.05). These findings indicated that constituents of Cassia tora L. seeds have beneficial effect on postprandial blood glucose control which may be partially mediated by stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreas of the diabetic rats.