• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.809-816
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• 1995

We have studied the effects of buckwheat diet on serum glucose and lipid metabolism in 9 NIDDM volunteers during 2 weeks. The subjects were given dietary counseling in their own homes at 2-3 day intervals throughout experimental periods and the dietary intake were determined by interview and record methods. The intake of calorie, carbohydrate, protein and fat during the buckwheat diet period were not significantly different compared with control diet and body weight was maintained within 1-2kg. The mean total glycohemoglobin, fructosamine, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels at the end of buckwheat diet were significantly lower than the end of control diet (P<0.05). Fasting serum glucose, insulin and HDL-chloesterol levels were slightly decreased. The mean triglyceride level was increased but it was not significant. These results indicate that buckwheat diet is an effective therapeutic regimen for the control of metabolic derangements in diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.55.1-55.17
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• 2021

Background: Naringenin and its glycoside naringin are well known citrus flavonoids with several therapeutic benefits. Although the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin have been reported previously, the detailed mechanism underlying their anti-adipogenesis effects is poorly understood. Objectives: This study examined the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin by determining differential gene expression patterns in these flavonoids-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods: Lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content were determined by Oil red O staining and TG assay. Glucose uptake was measured using a 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose fluorescent d-glucose analog. The phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACC) were observed via Western blot analysis. Differential gene expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated via RNA sequencing analysis. Results: Naringenin and naringin inhibited both lipid accumulation and TG content, increased phosphorylation levels of both AMPK and ACC and decreased the expression level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 32 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 17 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Mogat1, Dgat, Lipin1, Cpt1a, and Lepr, were normalized to the control level in naringenin-treated adipocytes. In addition, 25 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 25 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Fabp5, Scd1, Srebf1, Hmgcs1, Cpt1c, Lepr, and Lrp1, were normalized to the control level by naringin. Conclusions: The results indicate that naringenin and naringin have anti-adipogenic potentials that are achieved by normalizing the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes that were perturbed in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-107
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• 2018

Objectives : In present study, therefore, possible beneficial pharmacological activities of standard potato protein extracts (SPE) were observed on the mild diabetic obese mice. Methods : After end of 12 weeks of continuous oral administrations of three different dosages of SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, or metformin 250 mg/kg, analyzed the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, nephroprotective and anti-obesity effects, separately. In addition, liver antioxidant defense systems were additionally measured with lipid metabolism-related genes expressions and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities for action mechanism. Results : All of diabetes and related complications including obesity were significantly inhibited by treatment of SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, dose-dependently, and they also dramatically normalized the hepatic lipid peroxidation and depletion of liver endogenous antioxidant defense system, the changes of the hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities, also changes of the lipid metabolism-related genes expressions including hepatic $AMPK{\alpha}1$ and $AMPK{\alpha}2$ mRNA expressions, dose-dependently. Especially, SPE 200 mg/kg constantly showed favorable inhibitory activities against type II diabetes and related complications as comparable to those of metformin 250 mg/kg in HFD mice, respectively. Conclusions : The present work demonstrated that SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg showed favorable anti-diabetic and related complications including obesity refinement activities in HFD mice, through AMPK upregulation mediated hepatic glucose enzyme activity and lipid metabolism-related genes expression, antioxidant defense system and pancreatic lipid digestion enzyme modulatory activities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.311-322
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the effects of four types of dietary fiber supplementations (cellulose, pectin, guar gum, and polydextrose) on gastrointestinal function, diabetic symptom amelioration and lipid & glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Six groups of male rats were fed ad libitum dietary fiber-free control diet or one of experimental diets containing 5% dietary fiber for four weeks. All types of dietary fiber supplementation seemed to protect the diabetic animals from the loss of body weight. The primary diabetic symptoms such as polydipsia, polyphasia, polyuria and urinary glucose excretion were ameliorated by cellulose, pectin, and guar gum, but not by polydextrose. Gastrointestinal transit time was significantly shortened and fecal dry weight was significantly increased in all the dietary fiber-supplemented groups except the polydextrose group. Large intestine was significantly lengthened by dietary fiber feeding. The serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were effectively lowered by pectin, guar gum and polydextrose. Regardless of their types, the fiber supplementation had no effect on serum HDL-cholesterol. Whereas fasting blood glucose level was significantly lowered by all types of fiber supplementations, glucose tolerance was more effectively improved by pectin and guar gum.

• Archives of Obesity and Metabolism
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.54-63
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• 2023

Estrogen is crucial in regulating food intake, energy expenditure, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism. During menopause, the decline in estrogen levels predisposes women to weight gain, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) prevents weight gain, improves lipid metabolism by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol while raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and delays the onset of type 2 diabetes in menopausal women. The effect of MHT on CVD in menopausal women remains controversial. The Women's Health Initiative study was terminated prematurely after it revealed that hormone administration increased the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and thromboembolism. However, some studies have found that MHT had no effect or decreased the risk of CVD. The inconsistent results were likely due to multiple factors, including the timing of hormone therapy initiation, duration of therapy, type and dosage, and presence or absence of CVD risk factors at the start of treatment. Despite its benefits in terms of managing weight gain and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and CVD associated with obesity, it is not recommended as the primary therapy for weight loss or diabetes prevention. MHT is primarily indicated for postmenopausal women, who are likely to benefit from its potential to prevent weight gain and improve lipid metabolism.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.140-149
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• 2016

This study intended to compare the effects of the sugar-Omija extract tea (SO) and LuoHanGuo-Omija extract tea (LO) to blood glucose levels and metabolism among streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and to prove the positive effects of LuoHanGuo extract as a sugar substitute. According to the results, the rate of blood glucose increase and the blood glucose level was reduced, and the weight was increased. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol was decreased, and albumin, total protein, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased in the STZ/LO group as compared to the STZ group. Compared to the STZ/SO group, the rate of blood glucose increase and glucose tolerance was decreased. AST, ALT, and total cholesterol was decreased, and HDL-C level was high. In conclusion, the LO displayed hypoglycemic effect, prevented weight loss caused by diabetes, recovered liver function, and improved lipid metabolism. In addition, such positive effects were obviously shown during comparison with the experimental group treated with the SO. Therefore, the LO were considered as favorable food supplements that can be safely taken by persons with diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and heart disease; they have to control their sugar intake as well as their diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.123-129
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Morus alba L.(Bong-ip, B), Glycyrrhizae glabra(Gam-chei, C), Pinus densiflora(Sol-lp, S) and Angelica gigas(Dang-gi, D)powder on serum composition in rats(Sprague-Dawley male rats, 100-110g). Serum TG(triglyceride, p<0.01), total cholesterol, glucose, total protein, albumin, GGT$({\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase, p<0.05) were significantly increased D group than that of nomal and other groups, but UA(uric acid, p<0.05) was significantly decreased, and C group(p<0.05) was significantly increased. but C group of urine(p<0.05) was significantly decreased. Also, B and S groups(p<0.05) of BUN(blood urea nitrogen), S group(p<0.05) of ALP(alkaline phosphokinase, Band C(p<0.05) of CPK(creatinine phosphokinsae, p<0.05) were significantly increased. B, S and C groups were better than D group for lipid metabolism, and pretection to liver. Also, B and C groups of glucose were same as normal diet, so Morus alba L. was good food for lipid metabolism and hypoglycemic effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.924-932
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• 2003

In middle-aged men, abdominal obesity has been an important risk factor of coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as a predictor of hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Particularly, risks from abdominal obesity increase when adipose tissue accumulates in visceral compartment. Many studies showed that weight reduction by caloric restriction improves abdominal obesity and reduces lots of cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone treatment also results in a significant decrease in visceral fat area and normalizes endocrine metabolism. However there is no study that compare the effect of caloric restriction with that of testosterone treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of caloric restriction and that of testosterone treatment on body fat distribution, serum lipids and glucose metabolism in male patients with CAD. Forty five middle-aged overweight-obese men with CAD participated in 12 weeks' program. They were matched with age, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and divided into three groups : control group (n = 15) , caloric restriction group (-300 kcal/day, n = 15) and testosterone treatment group (testosterone undecanoate tablets, n = 15) . After 12 weeks, control group did not have any changes in anthropometries, lipid profile, body fat distribution, glucose metabolism and hormonal status. Expectedly, caloric restriction group showed decreases in body weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio, ％ body fat. Ten percentage of total cholesterol and 23% of triglyceride in serum were also decreased. In body fat distribution, total fat areas at both L1 and L4 levels were significantly reduced in this group without reduction in muscle of thigh and calf. However, testosterone treatment group did not have any significant changes in body weight, ％ body fat, serum lipid profile and abdominal fat distribution. In conclusion, weight reduction by caloric restriction is more beneficial in body fat distribution and serum lipid level than testosterone treatment in overweight male patients with CAD. This result suggests that modest weight reduction is possible to help decrease risk factors of CAD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.157-165
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• 2007

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of fructose(F) or sucrose(S) and guar gum intake on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in 15-week-old male Goto-Kakizaki(GK) rats. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups which were different in carbohydrate(25% of carbohydrate) and fiber(5% w/w) sources. The carbohydrate(CHO) sources of each group were comstarch(control group, 100% of CHO), fructose with cellulose(F), fructose with guar gum(FG), sucrose with cellulose(S), and sucrose with guar gum(SG). Each group was fed exterimental diet for 4 weeks. We measured food intake, body weight gain, adipose tissues weight and organs weight. We conducted oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) and measured plasma insulin concentration to examine carbohydrate metabolism. To evaluate lipid metabolism, we measured the lipid profile of plasma, liver and feces. Food intake and weight gain of FG or SG groups tended to be less than those of F or S groups. Perirenal and epididymal fat pad weights of SG group were significantly lower than those of S group and those of FG group tended to be lower than those of F group. In OGTT, blood glucose values of F or S groups were significantly higher than those of C group, and FG or SG groups tended to be lower than those of F or S groups during the experimental time. The area under the curve(AUC) of C group was significantly highest among the groups, AUC and plasma insulin concentration of FG or SG groups tended to be lower than those of F or S groups. Plasma and hepatic triglyceride (TG) of FG and SG groups were significantly lower than those of F and S groups, plasma and hepatic total lipid(TL) and total cholesterol(TC) of FG and SG groups tended to be lower than those of F and S groups. Fecal TL, TG and TC of FG or SG groups tended to be higher than those of F and S groups. In conclusion, intake of guar gum should improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in partial substitution of fructose or sucrose for cornstarch in GK rats.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1184-1194
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• 2022

Objective: High concentrate diets are widely used to satisfy high-yielding dairy cows; however, long-term feeding of high concentrate diets can cause subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The endocrine disturbance is one of the important reasons for metabolic disorders caused by SARA. However, there is no current report about thyroid hormones involved in liver metabolic disorders induced by a high concentrate diet. Methods: In this study, 12 mid-lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned to HC (high concentrate) group (60% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6) and LC (low concentrate) group (40% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6). All cows were slaughtered on the 21st day, and the samples of blood and liver were collected to analyze the blood biochemistry, histological changes, thyroid hormones, and the expression of genes and proteins. Results: Compared with LC group, HC group showed decreased serum triglyceride, free fatty acid, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased hepatic glycogen, and glucose. For glucose metabolism, the gene and protein expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the liver were significantly up-regulated in HC group. For lipid metabolism, the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1, and fatty acid synthase in the liver was decreased in HC group, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α were increased. Serum triiodothyronine, thyroxin, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and hepatic FT3 increased in HC group, accompanied by increased expression of thyroid hormone receptor (THR) in the liver. Conclusion: Taken together, thyroid hormones may increase hepatic gluconeogenesis, β-oxidation and reduce fatty acid synthesis through the THR pathway to participate in the metabolic disorders caused by a high concentrate diet.