• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

Purpose: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered as the best overall index for the level of renal function, diagnosis of doubtful kidney disease, progress observation from chronic kidney disease and is measured with the various methods. In this study, We measured standard GFR by Gates method and attempted to compare the result with serum creatinin-based, Cockcroft-Gault(C-G) formula and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Materials and methods: 217 patients (127 men, 90 women, mean age $51.3{\pm}16.9$) with various renal function were examined. we compared the GFR using $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates), C-G formula and MDRD formula. Results: Significant correlations were noted between 2 different GFR estimates (from C-G formula: r=0.864, p<0.0001, MDRD formula: r=0.831, p<0.0001) and $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR. Average of serum creatinine (Scr) was measured with $3.0{\pm}3.1\;mg/dL$, In patients with normal renal function (Scr<1.5 mg/dL), $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was statistically significant to C-G formula (p<0.0001) and MDRD formula (p<0.0001). In patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency (1.5$^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was not statistically significant to C-G formula (p=0.181) and MDRD formula (p=0.127). In patients with severe renal insufficiency (Scr>4.0mg/dL), $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was statistically significant to C-G formula and MDRD formula (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Glomerular filtration rate using Gates method was closly correlated to C-G formula and MDRD formula. In patients with normal renal function, $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was significantly lower than C-G formula and MDRD formula. In patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency, $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was simmilar with C-G formula and MDRD formula. In patients with severe renal insufficiency, $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA (Gates) GFR was significantly higher than C-G formula and MDRD formula. None of the three different methods was clearly superior to the others.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and age by using dynamic computed tomography (CT) and Patlak plot analysis in dogs. Fifteen dogs were used in this study. CT-GFR study was performed under general anesthesia using propofol and isoflurane. 1 ml/kg dosage of 300 mgI/ml iohexol was administered at a rate of 3 ml/s during GFR measurement. CT-GFR was determined with a single-slice dynamic acquisition and Patlak plot analysis. The individual and global GFR values were calculated to plasma clearance per body weight (ml/min/kg). Bodyweight ($mean{\pm}SD$) ranged from 2.0 to 5.7 kg ($3.31{\pm}1.13$ kg). Age ranged from 3 years to 13 years old ($7.14{\pm}3.30$). $Mean{\pm}SD$ creatinine ($0.53{\pm}0.34 $mg/dl), phosphorus ($4.1{\pm}1.2$ mg/dL), and albumin ($3.3{\pm}0.3$ mg/dL) concentrations and urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (all ratios were < 0.5) were within reference ranges. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed small-sized renal calculi, mineralization, or renal cyst at eight dogs. The global CT-GFR ranges shown in this study was 2.57 to 6.60 ml/min/kg. In this study, there was no trend toward weight-adjusted CT-GFR with increasing age. We found no relationships between age-related kidney dysfunction in fifteen dogs. Small-sized renal calculi or cysts did not affect renal function in this study. However, it is thought that a large sample size may have been required to document an age effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1996

Two experiments were conducted to search factor(s) affecting the plasma allantoin concentration in infant calves. In experiment 1, five male Holstein calves aged 1 week were given only milk replacer free from nucleic acids for 28 days Plasma allantoin concentration varied in a reverse proportion to daily amounts of milk replacer, and the concentration when calves received 750 g/d of milk replacer was significantly lower than that when they received 250 g/d. Contrary to plasma allantoin concentration, glomerular filtration rate(GFR) was directly proportional to daily amounts of milk replacer, leading to a constant filtration of allantoin across the glomeruli. Renal handling of allantion was also unaffected by the amount of milk replacer, resulting in the constant urinary excretion of allantoin. These results suggested that GFR, which was affected by the nutritional status, could affect plasma allantoin concentration. In experiment 2, the effect of age-related changes in nutritional status after weaning on GFR was examined in eight calves weaned at 5 weeks of age. The GFR expressed as body weight basis was lower immediately after weaning, but linearly increased up to the 19th week post-weaning. The present results suggested that the changes in GFR in response to nutritional status would be one of the possible causes of atypical plasma allantoin concentration immediately after weaning. We conclude that plasma allantoin concentration would not be a proper estimator of intestinal flow of microbial protein in cattle.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 1987

Renal dysfunction can have pronounced effects on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of drugs. Because the exploration of these effects in patients may be limited by ethical and practical considerations, it often become necessary to perform studies on animals with experimental renal failure(ERF). ERF was produced in rats by the administration of uranyl nitrate, glycerol, salicylate, gentamicin and folate in this study. Changes in glomerular filtration rate(GFR) and renal secretion clearance of tetraethylammonium bromide$(CL^{scn}_{TEA})$, together with morphological changes of kidney cortex were evaluated and compared among ERF models. GFR(or glomeruli) and $CL^{scn}_{TEA}$(or renal tubules) were not damaged parallelly in some ERF model rats. Therefore, it seemed to be necessary to adjust dosage regimen of some basic drugs like TEA in renal dysfunction considering the functional changes of renal secretion in addition to glomerular filtration.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.149-160
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• 1984

In order to certify the diuretic mechanism of dopamine, this study was performed in dog. The following results were obtained. Dopamine, when given intravenously, produced diuresis, and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), and amount of sodium excreted in urine. When infused directly into a renal artery, dopamine elicited a marked diuresis confined only to the infused side, with concomitant rises in osmolar clearance and sodium excretion as well as a slight increase in free water clearance. Simultaneously total renal plasma flow and medullary plasma flow increased markedly with a increase of glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. Medullary concentration gradient of sodium also markedly lowered in the infused kidney. These changes were not observed during mannitol diuresis and renal action of dopamine were not apparent in dog pretreated with haloperidol. From the above experimental results, it is thought that dopamine, when given into a vien or infused directly into a renal artery, induces diuresis, and the mechanism of its action is due to dual actions which are hemodynamic effect along with glomerular filtraction rate, and the increased response in the medullary blood flow.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2019

This study examined the relationship between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) with ferritin in Korean adults. This study included 4,948 adults aged ${\geq}20years$ from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. A covariance test adjusted for covariates was performed for the ferritin levels in relation to the decreased eGFR (eGFR<$60ml/min/1.73m^2$) and elevated uACR ($uACR{\geq}30mg/g$). Several key findings were made in the present study. First, after adjusting for the related variables, the ferritin level was higher in the decreased eGFR group [$103.04{\pm}6.59mL/min/1.73m^2$; 95% confidence interval (CI), 90.12~115.96] than in the normal eGFR group ($84.87{\pm}1.16mL/min/1.73m^2$; 95% CI, 82.59~87.14; P=0.007). Second, after adjusting for the related variables, the ferritin level ($M{\pm}SE$) was similar in the normal uACR group ($85.70{\pm}1.20mg/g$; 95% CI, 83.35~88.05) and elevated uACR group ($82.72{\pm}4.09mg/g$; 95% CI, 74.71~90.73) (P=0.487). Chronic kidney disease was positively associated with the ferritin level in Korean adults but albuminuria was not.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

Purpose: Renal ultrasonography has been widely used in children with renal disease. However, the relationship of renal echogenicity with renal pathology and function in children is not well known. Method: Ultrasound examination was performed in 75 patients undergoing renal biopsy for suspected renal disease in Konkuk University Medical Center from August 2005 to November 2015. We compared renal echogenicity to pathologic findings and renal function. Renal echogenicity was scored as 0 to 2 by comparing adjacent liver echogenicity. Three histologic characteristics were evaluated: glomerular changes, interstitial infiltration or fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. These were graded as 0 to 3, according to increasing severity. Laboratory results included urine albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results: Among pathologic findings, renal echogenicity revealed a positive correlation with interstitial infiltration or fibrosis (r=0.259, P=0.025), and with tubular atrophy (r=0.268, P=0.02). Renal echogenicity and glomerular changes were not correlated. Renal echogenicity showed a positive correlation with microalbuminuria (r=0.283, P=0.014), but a negative correlation with eGFR (r=-0.352, P=0.002). Conclusion: Increased renal echogenicity suggested severe interstitial infiltration or fibrosis and tubular atrophy among the pathologic findings. Moreover, increased echogenicity is correlated with increased urine albumin excretion and decreased eGFR. Echogenicity on ultrasonography is useful for determining the status of renal pathology and function.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.58.1-58.11
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• 2020

Background: Quantitative evaluation of renal cortical echogenicity (RCE) has been tried and developed in human and veterinary medicine. Objectives: The objective of this study was to propose a method for evaluating RCE quantitatively and intuitively, and to determine associations between ultrasonographic renal structural distinction and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in canine chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Data were collected on 63 dogs, including 27 with normal kidney function and 36 CKD patients. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations were measured for calculating eGFR. RCE was evaluated as 3 grades on ultrasonography images according to the distinction between the renal cortex and outer medulla. The RCE grade of each kidney was measured. Results: There was a significant difference in eGFR between the group normal and CKD (p < 0.001). As mean of RCE grades (the mean values of each right and left kidney's RCE grade) increases, the proportion of group CKD among the patients in each grade increases (p < 0.001). Also, severity of RCE (classified as "high" if any right or left kidney evaluated as RCE grade 3, "low" otherwise) and eGFR is good indicator for predicting group CKD (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The degree of distinction between the renal cortex and the outer medulla is closely related to renal function including eGFR and the RCE grade defined in this study can be used as a method of objectively evaluating RCE.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2021

This study examined the association between hypertension (HTN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) in Korean adults. Data for 8,922 adults (3,941 men and 4,981 women) aged ≥20 years from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI (2013~2014) were analyzed. In men, after adjusting for the related variables, the odds ratios (ORs) of HTN [systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, or use of HTN medications] were significantly higher in the decreased eGFR group [eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 ㎡, 1.98 (95% CI, 1.21~3.24)], elevated ACR group [ACR ≥30 mg/g, 2.03 (95% CI, 1.54~2.69)], and decreased eGFR plus elevated ACR group [eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 ㎡ and ACR ≥30 mg/g, 6.03 (95% CI, 2.82~12.92)] than in the normal group (eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 ㎡ and ACR <30 mg/g). In women, after adjusting for the related variables, the ORs of HTN were significantly higher in the decreased eGFR group (2.29, 95% CI, 1.27~4.13), elevated ACR group (2.22, 95% CI, 1.68~2.94), and decreased eGFR plus elevated ACR group (10.77, 95% CI, 3.89~29.82) than the normal group. In conclusion, HTN was associated with a decreased eGFR and elevated ACR in Korean men and women. In addition, the prevalence of HTN increased greatly when a decreased eGFR and elevated ACR occurred simultaneously.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2015

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) can cause serious adverse effects. To reduce the occurrence of CIN related computed tomography (CT) in emergency patients, we assessed the respective roles of serum creatinine (SCr) alone and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as an early predictor for CIN related CT. Methods: For patients with SCr <1.5 mg/dL who underwent CT in emergency department (ED) between September 2012 and October 2013, we assessed the prevalence of CIN and its adverse effects. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula was used for the calculation of eGFR. Practical calculation was performed by electronic medical record (EMR) system for MDRD and internet calculating service for CG. And we investigated the prevalence of CIN in eGFR $<60mL/min/1.73m^2$ before CT. Results: A total of 1,555 patients were enrolled. The prevalence of CIN after CT was 4.6% and it showed correlation with renal deterioration, increased in-hospital mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. Despite baseline SCr <1.5 mg/dL, among enrolled patients, 11.3% as MDRD equation and 29.5% as CG formula were $<60mL/min/1.73m^2$ and in this condition, the prevalence of CIN was significantly high (odds ratio was 2.87 [1.64-5.02] as MDRD equation and 2.03 [1.26-3.29] as CG formula). Conclusion: Just SCr <1.5mg/dL was not appropriate to recognize preexisting renal insufficiency, but eGFR using MDRD equation was useful in predicting the risk of CIN related CT in ED. Using EMR, calculation of eGFR can be easier and more convenient.