• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.361-369
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• 2017

Background: The chemical constituents of Panax ginseng are changed by processing methods such as steaming or sun drying. In the present study, the chemical change of Panax ginseng induced by steaming was monitored in situ. Methods: Samples were separated from the same ginseng root by incision during the steaming process, for in situ monitoring. Sampling was sequentially performed in three stages; FG (fresh ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ SG (steamed ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ RG (red ginseng) and 60 samples were prepared and freeze dried. The samples were then analyzed to determine 43 constituents among three stages of P. ginseng. Results: The results showed that six malonyl-ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rb2) and 15 amino acids were decreased in concentration during the steaming process. In contrast, ginsenoside-Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(S, R)-Rg3 and Maillard reaction product such as AF (arginine-fructose), AFG (arginine-fructose-glucose), and maltol were newly generated or their concentrations were increased. Conclusion: This study elucidates the dynamic changes in the chemical components of P. ginseng when the steaming process was induced. These results are thought to be helpful for quality control and standardization of herbal drugs using P. ginseng and they also provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research of processed ginseng (Red ginseng).

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.355-361
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• 2009

백미삼(지근), 홍미삼(지근), 홍삼절편Ⅰ(주근: 수삼-증삼-건조-습점-절편-건조) 및 홍삼절편II(주근: 수삼-절편-증삼-건조)을 puffing gun으로 팽화시켜 그 전후의 성분특성을 조사하였다. 팽화 후 기화로 인해 수분함량은 감소하였으나 다른 일반 성분에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총당의 경우 팽화 후 모든 시료에서 감소 경향을 보였으나 환원당의 경우 백미삼을 제외한 홍삼류 시료에서 증가 경향을 보였다. 모든 시료에서 조사포닌 함량이 증가하였으며 홍삼류 시료들은 일부 ginsenoside에서 2배 이상의 증가량을 보였다. 또한 팽화 후 산성 다당체가 증가하였을 뿐만아니라 총 페놀성 화합물과 전자공여능의 경우 비슷한 경향으로 증가하여 팽화에 의해 항산화 활성이 전반적으로 증가한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 팽화 후 아미노산 함량 및 지방산 함량이 감소하였으나 백미삼의 경우 불포화지방산에서는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 무기질 함량은 팽화 전후로 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 모든 시료에서 일반 성분, 무기질 등의 함량변화 없이 약리활성을 가지는 조사포닌, 총 페놀성 화합물, 산성 다당체 등의 성분들이 팽화 가공으로 인해 증가하는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 고부가가치의 인삼 기능성 식품개발을 위하여 팽화가공법의 적용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.606-617
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• 2019

Background: The Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) is well known to have an antidiabetic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the protective effect of ultrasonication-processed P. ginseng berry extract (UGBE) compared with GBE on liver fibrosis induced by mild bile duct ligation (MBDL) model in rats. After ultrasonication process, the composition ratio of ginsenoside in GBE was changed. The component ratio of ginsenosides Rh1, Rh4, Rg2, Rg3, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in the extract was elevated. Methods: In this study, the protective effect of the newly developed UGBE was evaluated on hepatotoxicity and neuronal damage in MBDL model. Silymarin (150 mg/kg) was used for positive control. UGBE (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg), GBE (250 mg/kg), and silymarin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks after MBDL surgery. Results: The MBDL surgery induced severe hepatotoxicity that leads to liver inflammation in rats. Also, the serum ammonia level was increased by MBDL surgery. However, the liver dysfunction of MBDL surgery-operated rats was attenuated by UGBE treatment via myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Conclusion: UGBE has a protective effect on liver fibrosis induced by MBDL in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in liver.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.711-721
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• 2022

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2011

In order to distinguish the cultivation area of Panax ginseng, principal component analysis (PCA) using quantitative and qualitative data acquired from HPLC was carried out. A new HPLC method coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of ten major ginsenosides, namely $Rh_1$, $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_1$, Rf, Re, Rd, $Rb_2$, Rc, and $Rb_1$ in the root of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer. Simultaneous separations of these ten ginsenosides were achieved on a carbohydrate analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water-isopropanol, and acetonitrile-water-isopropanol using a gradient elution. Distinct differences in qualitative and quantitative characteristics for ginsenosides were found between the ginseng roots produced in two different Korean cultivation areas, Ganghwa and Punggi. The ginsenoside profiles obtained via HPLC analysis were subjected to PCA. PCA score plots using two principal components (PCs) showed good separation for the ginseng roots cultivated in Ganghwa and Punggi. PC1 influenced the separation, capturing 43.6% of the variance, while PC2 affected differentiation, explaining 18.0% of the variance. The highest contribution components were ginsenoside $Rg_3$ for PC1 and ginsenoside Rf for PC2. Particularly, the PCA score plot for the small ginseng roots of six-year old, each of which was light than 147 g fresh weight, showed more distinct discrimination. PC1 influenced the separation between different sample sets, capturing 51.8% of the variance, while PC2 affected differentiation, also explaining 28.0% of the variance. The highest contribution component was ginsenoside Rf for PC1 and ginsenoside $Rg_2$ for PC2. In conclusion, the HPLC-ELSD method using a carbohydrate column allowed for the simultaneous quantification of ten major ginsenosides, and PCA analysis of the ginsenoside peaks shown on the HPLC chromatogram would be a very acceptable strategy for discrimination of the cultivation area of ginseng roots.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.473-481
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• 2012

구증구포방법은 기존의 홍삼제조방법에서와 같이 9회 반복 과정으로 새로운 신규사포닌 등 성분변화가 일어나지만 시간이 오래 걸리고 복잡하며 어떤 특수 성분이 얼마나 증가 되는지 보고 되어 있지 않다. 또한 기존의 구증구포방법은 제조공정 중 건조시 보통 $60^{\circ}C$에서 열풍건조를 하기 때문에 건조시 관리의 부족으로 간혹 벤조피렌에 노출되는 경우가 있다. 본 방법은 새로운 자동 구증구포방법으로 제조시간이 약 2배정도 단축되며 특히 건조시 습열냉각건조를 통하기 때문에 벤조피렌함량이 거의 검출되지 않았다. 또한 사포닌 변환 등은 기존 구증구포방법과 같이 사포닌 변화가 일어나 홍삼에서만 나타나는 Rg3와 기타 효능활성물질 등이 분석되었다. 인삼사포닌의 경우에는 증포횟수가 증가함에 따라 흡수가 어려운 major ginsenoside(Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 및 Rd)의 함량이 점차적으로 감소되고 대신 흡수가 빠르고 항암활성이 강한 minor ginsenoside (Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1 및 Rg5)의 함량이 점차적으로 증가하였다. 특히 diol계 사포닌인 ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc 및 Rd는 Rg3, Rk1 및 Rg5로 전환되었고, triol계 사포닌인 ginsenosides Rg1 및 Re는 Rh1, Rg2로 전환되었다. 수삼에서의 환원당, 산성다당체 및 총 페놀 화합물 함량은 7회까지 유의적으로 증가하였고 8회부터 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성은 7회까지 점차적으로 감소하여 $IC_{50}$값이 68% 감소되는 것으로 나타났으며 7회부터 9회까지는 큰 유의적 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 본 자동 구중구포방법은 기존의 방법과 물질생성은 거의 비슷하지만 시간이 단축되고 벤조피렌 함량이 거의 검출되지 않아 앞으로 고부가가치 인삼산업에 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.227-237
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• 2002

One prominent characteristic of2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in rats is a reduction of body weight accompanied by an altered serum lipid profile such as hyperlipidemia. A single administration of TCDD (50 ug/kg) resulted in a decrease of body weight and increase of serum cholesterol in rats. TCDD-induced weight loss and serum cholesterol elevation was reduced in rats administered with water extract (100 mg/kg) or saponin fraction (40 mg/kg) of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer. In contrast, the administration of Panax quinquefolium did not inhibit the TCDD-induced weight loss and serum cholesterol elevation. Histological examinations of liver and testis revealed the administration of saponin fraction of Panax ginseng attenuated the TCDD-induced hispathologicallesions whereas the administration of saponin fraction of Panax quinquefolium did not. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis demonstrated high percentiles of ginsenoside Rg and ginsenoside $Rh_1$ were evident in saponin fraction of Panax ginseng. Results indicate that the protective effects of Panax ginseng, not Panax quinquefolium, on the TCDD-induced toxicity might be resulted from different compositions of saponins in Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.329-336
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• 2023

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is a medicinal plant well-known for its antiviral activities against various viruses, but its antiviral effect on coronavirus has not yet been studied thoroughly. The antiviral activity of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and ten ginsenosides against Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) was investigated in vitro. Methods: The antiviral response and mechanism of action of KRG extract and ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2-20 (R) and -20 (S), Rg3-20 (R) and -20 (S), and Rh2-20 (R) and -20 (S), against the human coronavirus strain OC43 were investigated by using plaque assay, time of addition assay, real-time PCR, and FACS analysis. Results: Virus plaque formation was reduced in KRG extract-treated and HCoV-OC43-infected HCT-8 cells. KRG extract decreased the viral proteins (Nucleocapsid protein and Spike protein) and mRNA (N and M gene) expression, while increased the expression of interferon genes. Conclusion: KRG extract exhibits antiviral activity by enhancing the expression of interferons and can be used in treating infections caused by HCoV-OC43.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.41-45
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• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as traditional herbal drug in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are major components having pharmacological and biological efficacy like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor effects. To control the quality of the components in diverse ginseng products, we developed a new quantitative method using LC-MS/MS for 13 ginsenosides; Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3, F1, F2, and compound K. This method was successfully validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. This quantification method applied in four representative ginseng products; fresh ginseng powder, white ginseng powder, red ginseng extract powder, and red ginseng extract. Here the amounts of the 13 ginsenosides in the various type of ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously and expected to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2010

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of black ginseng jelly prepared with different 5 levels(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) of black ginseng extract. We assessed the ginsenosides level of white and black ginseng for comparison between white and black ginseng. And we conducted the pH, sugar content, Hunter's color values, the mechanical characteristics and sensory evaluation of black ginseng jelly samples. The levels of ginsenoside $Rg_3,\;Rh_1$, and $Rh_2$ of black ginseng were higher than those of white ginseng. The more black ginseng extract was increased, the sugar contents of black ginseng jelly were significantly increased(p<0.05). We noted that the luminance and Hunter's b values of jelly samples were decreased according to black ginseng extract was increased, but in Hunter's a values 0.5% black ginseng jelly was the highest of the all. With regard to the mechanical properties of the black ginseng jelly samples, the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were significantly increased. In color, taste and overall quality, the score of jelly with 1.0% black ginseng extract was significantly increased than those of the all.