• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2020

Background: This article aims to compare and analyze the contents of ginsenosides in ginseng of different plant ages from different localities in China. Methods: In this study, 77 fresh ginseng samples aged 2-4 years were collected from 13 different cultivation regions in China. The content of eight ginsenosides (Rg₃, Rc, Rg₁, Rf, Rb₂, Rb₁, Re, and Rd) was determined using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS) to comparatively evaluate the influences of cultivation region and age. Results: Ginsenoside contents differed significantly depending on age and cultivation region. The contents of ginsenosides Re, Rc, Rg₁, Rg₃, and Rf increased with cultivation age, whereas that of ginsenoside Rb₁ peaked in the third year of cultivation. Moreover, the highest ginsenoside content was obtained from Changbai (19.36 mg/g) whereas the lowest content was obtained from Jidong (12.05 mg/g). Ginseng from Jilin Province contained greater total ginsenosides and was richer in ginsenoside Re than ginseng of the same age group in Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces, where Rb₁ and Rg₁ contents were relatively high. Conclusion: In this study, RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS was used to analyze ginsenoside contents in 77 ginseng samples aged 2-4 years from different cultivation regions. These patterns of variation in ginsenoside content, which depend on harvesting location and age, could be useful for interested parties to choose ginseng products according to their needs.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2019

고려인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)을 70% EtOH 수용액으로 저온 추출한 뒤, 감압 농축한 추출물을SiO₂, ODS column chromatograph 및 중압분취(MPLC) 장비를 반복 실시하여 4종의 인삼 사포닌 화합물을 분리 및 정제하였다. NMR 및 고분해능 질량분석 장비를 이용하여 malonyl ginsenoside Rd (1), Rc (2), Rb2 (3), 및 Rb1 (4)로 구조 동정하였다. 분리한 4종의 화합물에 대하여 UPLC-MS/MS 질량분석기를 이용하여 수삼의 5년 및 6년근 뿌리의 동체를 정량분석 하였으며, malonyl ginsenoside의 총 함량의 합은 각각 6.62 및 2.34 mg/g으로 5년근이 약 2.8배 높은 것을 확인하였다. 인삼으로부터 분리된 화합물 중 malonyl ginsenoside Rd의 경우, 알코올에 의해 저해된 HepG2세포에 대해서 간세포를 보호하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.164-171
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• 1999

가압형 마이크로웨이브 추출장치를 이용하여 추출조건(에탄올농도, 추출온도 및 추출시간)에 따른 인삼 ginsenosid서 추출특성을 반응표면분석에 의해 모니터링하고, 마이크로파 추출법의 추출효율을 확인하였다. 조건별 추출물의 ginsenoside함량에 대한 회귀식의 $R^2$는 대부분 0.830이상으로 $10\%$이내의 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. $Ginsenoside-Rb_2$ -Rc, -Re 및 $-Rg_1$은 추출온도가 높을수록 증가하여 $140^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 에탄을 농도가 $50\~75\%$에서 가장 높은 추출율을 보였다. Ginsenoside의 HPLC 패턴은 MAP 추출온도 $120^{\circ}C$에서 unknown peak가 확인되었으며, $150^{\circ}C$추출에서는 unhown peak가 증가되었다. $Ginsenoside-Rb_2$와 -Re 함량에 미지화합물(unknown peak)을 포함하였을 때 는 최대의 추출온도가 $129^{\circ}C$에서 $147^{\circ}C$로 증가하였고, 동시에 추출시간과 $R^2$가 증가하였다. MAP 추출에서 unknown화합물의 함량이 최소가 되는 조건은 에탄올 농도 $67.33\%$, 추출온도 $99.34^{\circ}C$, 추출시간 3.65분이었다. 추출효율의 확인시험에서 8분간의 MAP추출법은 현행 추출법(40시간) 매우 유사한 수준의 ginsenoside 추출효율을 나타내었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2003

건강 기능성과 기호성, 간편성을 갖는 건강차를 개발하기 위하여 4년생 인삼엽을 7월과 8월에 각각 채엽하고 이를 재료로 하여 건조법(DRT), 숙성법(AGT), 열처리법(HPT) 등의 3가지 방법으로 인삼엽차를 제조하고 인삼제품의 품질 지표인 조사포닌 함량과 조성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼엽차의 조사포닌 함량은 제조 방법 중 HPT 가 18.72~18.82%로 가장 높았으며 AGT는 18.24~18.29%, DRT는 17.02~17.17%순이었고 채엽시기별 함량 차이는 거의 나타나지 않았다. 2. 인삼엽차의 ginsenoside 조성은 채엽시기, 제조방법별로 유사하였으며, ginsenoside-Re가 1.97~2.15로 가장 높았고, -Rd이 1.48~l 79, -Rg$_1$이 1.33~l.58, 그리고 -Rb, -Rb$_2$, -Rc 순이었다. 3. 인삼엽차의 protopanaxadiol(PD), protopanaxatriol(PT)계 사포닌의 함량비(PD/PT)는 제조 방법 중 DRT가 1.11~l.13, HPT 1.09~l.12이었고 AGT는 0.92~1.02로 다소 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 채엽시기별 함량비는 유사하였다. 4. 인삼엽차의 5분간 열탕침출액의 조사포닌 함량은 7월엽 제품, HPT가 각각 15.88%, 16.88%로 가장 높았고 ginsenoside함량은 -Re, -Rd, -Rg$_1$, -Rb$_2$, -Rc 순이었다. 알콜로 8시간 환류 추출한 총 사포닌과 5분간 열탕 침출액 중 조사포닌 함량을 비교한 조사포닌 침출율은 81.74~84.38%로서 7월엽 제품, HPT가 84.38%로 가장 높았고 ginsenoside침출율은 다소 낮은 78.00~88.13%를 나타내었다. 또한 30분간 침출액의 침출율은 88.01~92.31%로 5분간 침출율보다 7월엽 제품은 10~13%, 8월엽 제품은 약 20% 증가하였고 ginsenoside 침출율은 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.389-392
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate the ginsenoside profiles of the main root, root hair, and leaf of ginseng in order to demonstrate their possible application in medicine. The total ginsenoside content of the leaf was up to 12 times than that in the main root, and the content of protopanaxadiol groups was higher than that of protopanaxatriol groups in all the samples. The leaf was shown to contain high amounts of ginsenosides Rb3 and Rh1, whereas the main root contained large amounts of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc. Moreover, Rb2, Rb3, and Rg1 were only detected in the root hair, leaf, and main root, respectively. The ginsenoside Re content of Panax ginseng leaf and root hair was 2.6~4 times higher than that of the main root. Therefore, the results indicate that the ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng is higher in the leaf and root hair, and lower in the main root.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.159-168
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• 1984

생약의 화학적 특성에 대한 계속적인 연구가 이루어짐에 따라 우리는 홍삼 및 백삼의 화학성분을 상대적으로 규명하였다. 홍삼은 극성이 약한 분획에서 5개의 새로운 배당체(20R-ginsenoside $Rg_{2},\;Rh_{1};20R$, 20S-ginsenoside $Rg_{3}; ginsenoside\;Rh_{2}$와 새로운 아세칠렌 화합물(Panaxytriol)을 함유하는 특징적인 성분들이 gins - enoside Rh1, Rg2와 함께 분리되었다. ginsenoside Rh2는 배양된 종양세포에 대해 세포독소 효과를 보여주었다. 백삼은 수용성 분획에서 특징적인 성분이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 여기에서 malonly-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc 및 Rd로 명명된 새로운 배당체 성분이 분리되었다. Malona-ginsenosides는 백삼에서는 주요한 배당체이지만, 홍삼에서는 검출되지 않았다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.748-755
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out effects of treatment of ginsenoside Re, Rc and EGCG on mRNA expressions of leptin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and resistin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The concentrations of EGCG were treated with $0.01{\times}10^{-7},\;0.1{\times}10^{-7},\;1{\times}10^{-7}\;and\;1{\times}10^{-6}\;or\;100{\mu}g/ml$ ginsenoside Re, Rc in culture cell for 13 days. mRNA expression of leptin wasn't expressed in preadipocyte but according to differentiation of adipocyte, the that of mRNA expression was decreased at gensenosids or EGCG treated cells compared with non treated adipocyte. Expression of HSL mRNA was increased in G-Re, G-Rc and EGCG treated cells compared with non treated cells. The resistin level was significantly decreased in adipocytes treated with G-Re, G-Rc and EGCG. These pattern was similar to leptin expression. These results support that treatment of gensenosides or EGCG in 3T3-L1 adipocyte resulted to affect of leptin and resistin as well as HSL mRNA levels, accordingly, levels of leptin and HSL will be acted by signalling body fat stores to the hypothalamus which in turn regulates food intake andenergy expenditure to maintain body weight homeostasis. And also regulation of resistin mRNA will prevent to diabetics attacked with obesity. In conclusion, we suggest that consumption of ginseng saponine or EGCG might prevent human diabetics or/and obesity.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.413-418
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• 2005

This study was performed to develop new processing methods and products from steamed ginseng with rice wine. The brownnes, turbidity and the total ginsenoside in ginseng were examined All the values of examined premonitory materials, intermediate products, coloring matters and turbidity were increased as the steaming continued The quantity of total ginsenoside was increased when the steaming with rice wine continued in A1 - A9($1^{st}$ traditional rice wine steamed red ginseng: $A1{\~}9^{th}$ traditional rice wine steamed-red ginseng:A9). The quantity of ginsenoside-Rc, ginsenoside-Rd, ginsenoside-Re in Al were increased as the steaming continued. The quantity of ginsenoside-$Rg_2$ and ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ was increased when the number of steaming increased.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2011

In the previous report, we have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rc, one of major ginsenosides, is a major component for the restoration for normal growth of worms in cholesterol-deprived medium. In the present study, we further investigated the roles of minor ginsenosides, such as ginsenoside $Rh_1$ and $Rh_2$, ginsenoside metabolites such as compound K (CK), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT) and ginsenoside epimers such as 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in cholesterol-deprived medium. We found that ginsenoside $Rh_1$ almost restored normal growth of worms in cholesterol-deprived medium in F1 generation. However, supplement of ginsenoside $Rh_2$ caused a suppression of worm growths in cholesterol-deprived medium. In addition, CK and PPD also slightly restored normal growth of worms in cholesterol-deprived medium but PPT not. In experiments using ginsenoside epimers, supplement of 20(S)- but not 20(R)-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in cholesterol-deprived medium also almost restored worm growth. These results indicate that the absence or presence of carbohydrate component at backbone of ginsenoside, the number of carbohydrate attached at carbon-3, and the position of hydroxyl group at carbon-20 of ginsenoside might plays important roles in restoration of worm growth in cholesterol-deprived medium.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2004

When ginseng water extract was incubated at $60^{\circ}C$ in acidic conditions, its protopanaxadiol ginsenosides were transformed to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, protopanaxadiol glycoside ginsenosides $Rb_1, Rb_2$ and Rc isolated from ginseng were mostly not transformed to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ by the incubation in neutral condition. The transformation of these ginsenosides to ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was increased by increasing incubation temperature and time in acidic condition: the optimal incubation time and temperature for this transformation was 5 h and $60^{\circ}C$ resepectively. The transformed ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and ${\Delta}^{20}$-ginsenoside $Rg_3$ were metabolized to ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and $\Delta^{20}$--ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively, by human fecal microflora. Among the bacteria isolated from human fecal microflora, Bacteroides sp., and Bifidobacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. potently transformed ginsenoside $Rg_3$ to ginsenoside $Rh_2$. Acid-treated ginseng (AG) extract, fermented AG extract, ginsenoside $Rh_2$ and protopanaxadiol showed potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. AG extract, fermented AG extract and protopanaxadiol potently inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori.