• 한국균학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 1986

Rhizopus japonicus의 한 균주가 생산하는 효소에 의해 인삼 사포닌의 ginsenoside 중 조성비율이 가장 큰 ginsenoside $Rb_1$을 약리 효능면에서 보다 우수한 ginseuoside $Rb_1$로 선택적으로 전환할 수 있음을 TLC 및 HPLC로 정량적으로 확인하였다. Total saponin을 기질로 사용하였을 경우 ginsenoside $Rb_1$은 그 함량의 82.5%까지 ginsenoside Rd로 전환되어 ginsenoside Rd의 함량을 원래 함량에 비해 4.75배까지 증가시킬 수 있었으며, ginsenoside-Rb group saponin 기질의 경우는 80.8%의 ginsenoside $Rb_1$이 ginsenoside Rd로 전환되어 ginsenoside Rd의 함량을 34.7배까지 처리효소의 농도에 비례해서 증가시킬 수 있었다. 한편 다른 ginsenoside 함량변화 없이 오직 ginsenoside $Rb_1$에서 ginsenoside Rd만으로 선택적 전환을 한다는 사실이 당이나 sapogenin의 검출로도 증명되었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.267-273
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• 1982

미생물성 효소를 이용하여 인삼saponin중 조성비율이 가장 큰 ginsenoside-Rb$_1$을 약효면에서 보다 우수한 ginsenoside-Rd로 전환하고자 인삼부패균 중 Rhizopus 속의 한 균주를 선정하여 이 균주에서 얻은 효소를 ammonium sulfate 분별 침전법으로 조정제하여 사용하였다. 기질로 사용하기 위해 홍미삼 extract로부터 ginsenoside-Rb$_1$이 36.4%, ginsenoside-Rd 가 12.2%의 조성비율을 갖인 total saponin을 정제하였고 이어 ginsenoside-Rb$_1$의 함량을 증가시키기 위해 더욱 정제한 결과 ginsenoside-Rb$_1$이 54. 5%, ginsenoside-Rd가 1.1%인 ginsenoside Rb group saponin을 얻었다. 이들 기질 saponin에 본 효소를 작용시켜 본 결과 두 기질 모두 다른 ginsenoside pattern에는 변화없이 ginsenoside-Rb$_1$만이 선택적으로 감소하고 반면에 ginsenoside-Rd의 함량이 비례적으로 증가됨을 TLC 및 HPLC의 방법으로 조사하였으며 이로써 효소에 의한 인삼saponin의 선택적전환 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.63-69
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• 1988

Streptozotocin으로 유발시킨 당뇨병성 쥐(혈당수준$430{\pm}30ml/dl$)에게 ginsenoside-$Rb_{2}$를 연속적으로 복강투여 하였다. Ginsenoside $Rb_{2}$ 투여군은 현저한 혈당감소를 보였으며 이군들의 혈당수준은 6-9일 투여로 약 160mg/dl로 떨어졌다. 한편 대조군보다 먹이섭취량이 적지만 체중은 ginsenoside-$Rb_{2}$를 투여한 당뇨쥐에서 상당히 증가하였다. Ginsenoside-$Rb_{2}$투여군은 과식, 다뇨, 당뇨 등과 같은 당뇨병 증상이 개선 되었다. 혈당을 떨어뜨리는 작용기전을 연구하기위한 일환으로 간 및 지방조직 그리고 혈청 등에 있는 탄수화물 대사물질과 지질성분 등에 미치는 ginsenoside-$Rb_{2}$의 효과를 조사하였다. 당뇨쥐에서는 ginsenoside-$Rb_{2}$가 먼저 정상쥐에서와 같이 간에서 혈당의 이용을 촉진 시키고 그결과 지방조직에 triglyceride 들이 증가되는 것으로 추측된다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.31-34
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• 1989

인삼 saponin중 조성비율이 가장 큰 ginsenoside Rb1만을 약효면에서 보다 우수한 ginsenoside Rd로 선택적 전환시킬 수 있는 Rhizopus japonicus를 대상으로 해서 인삼 saponin 전환효소의 최적생산조건을 검토하였다. Wheat bran 배지를 기본으로 할 경우 배양 5일에 가장 많은 효소가 생산되었으며, 인삼류의 천연유기물중에는 홍삼분말을, 저급당류중에는 xylose를, 다당류중에는 laminarin을 flavonoids중에는 naringin을, 질소원중에는 beef extract와 $KNO_3$를 첨가할 경우 인삼 saponin 전환효소가 가장 많이 생산되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.134-137
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• 2000

Spontaneous bursting activity was studied in rat thalamocortical slices using extracellular field potential recording to test the potential utilization of ginsenoside Rb$_1$ in controlling overactivated neural systems. In order to induce bursting activity, slices were perfused with Mg$\^$2+/-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Two major types of spontaneous bursting activity, simple thalamocortical burst complexes (sTBCs) and complex thalamocortical burst complexes (cTBCs), were recorded in Mg$\^$2+/ -free ACSF. Ginsenoside Rb$_1$ selectively suppressed cTBCs. Duration and occurrence rate of cTBCs were reduced by 87.3${\pm}$10.2% and 85.3${\pm}$ 14.7% in the presence of 90 ${\mu}$M ginsenoside Rb$_1$ respectively, while amplitude and intraburst frequency were slightly changed by ginsenoside Rb$_1$. In contrast, ginsenoside Rb$_1$was much less effective in reducing duration and occurrence rate of sTBCs. We also tested effects of ginsenoside Rb$_1$ on bursting activity in the presence of a GABA$\sub$A/ receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI). Ginsenoside Rb$_1$ had no effect in suppressing BMI-induced bursting activities. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rbi may be useful in controlling seizure-like bursting activity under pathological conditions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2004

인삼성분 중 ginsenoside-Rb$_2$에 의한 LDL receptor발현 증가의 기전을 HepG$_2$세포에서 관찰하였고 이를 lovastatin과 비교하였다. 콜레스테롤 투여에 의하여 억제된 LDL receptor mRNA발현이 ginsenoside-Rb$_2$에 의하여 다시 증가하였고 이는 lovastatin에 의한 증가 효과보다 뛰어났다. SREBP mRNA의 발현 또한 콜레스테롤 투여에 의하여 억제되나 ginseonside-Rb$_2$에 의하여 발현이 증가하였고 이는 lovastatin에 의한 효과와 비슷하였다. 세포에 투여한 ginsenoside-Rb$_2$의 농도에 비례하여 SREBP-1 mRNA의 발현이 증가하였으며 ginsenoside-Rb$_2$의 대사체인 compound K를 투여한 경우에도 SREBP-1 mRNA가 비슷한 양상으로 혹은 더 많이 발현되었다. 따라서 ginsenoside-Rb$_2$에 의한 LDL receptor의 발현 증가는 SREBP의 발현 증가 때문이라고 설명할 수 있다. 즉 ginsenoside-Rb$_2$에 의한 SREBP 발현 증가는 콜레스테롤 투여에 의하여 억제된 LDL receptor발현을 증가시켜 결과적으로 혈중의 콜레스테롤을 효과적으로 제거하는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.112-116
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• 1990

As a part of studies on the quality control of crude drug preparation drinks, ginseng saponins were identified by HPLC. Ginsenoside-Rb1 was determined quantitatively by HPLC. Ginsenoside MeOH/H2O(65:35:10, v/v) on Si-gel plate. Ginsenoside-Rb1 content determined by HPLC on Lichrosorbtract drinks was 57.5-70.4% compared to the content in the red ginseng extract.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2013

Korean red ginseng has been shown to possess a variety of biological activities. However, little is known about antiviral activity of ginsenosides of Korean red ginseng. Here, we investigated the protective effect by oral administration of various ginsenosides on the lethal infection of haemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) in mice. In a lethal infection model in which almost all mice infected with HVJ died within 15 days, the mice were administered orally (per os) with 1 mg/mouse of dammarane-type (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rd, -Re, and -Rg2) or oleanolic acid-type (ginsenoside-Ro) ginsenosides 3, 2, and 1 d before virus infection. Ginsenoside-Rb2 showed the highest protective activity, although other dammarane-type and oleanolic acid-type ginsenosides also induced a significant protection against HVJ. However, neither the consecutive administration with a lower dosage (300 ${\mu}g$/mouse) nor the single administration of ginsenoside-Rb2 (1 mg/mouse) was active. In comparison of the protective activity between ginsenoside-Rb2 and its two hydrolytic products [20(S)- and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3], 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, but not 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg3, elicited a partial protection against HVJ. The protective effect of ginsenoside-Rb2 and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 on HVJ infection was confirmed by the reduction of virus titers in the lungs of HVJ-infected mice. These results suggest that ginsenoside-Rb2 is the most effective among ginsenosides from red ginseng to prevent the lethal infection of HVJ, so that this ginsenoside is a promising candidate as a mucosal immunoadjuvant to enhance antiviral activity.

• 약학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1980

The investigation is concerned with the action of ginseng saponin on the contractile force in the rat heart and with the elucidation of the mechanism of the action. The effect of total ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ of protopanaxadiol derivatives and ginsenoside Re of protopanaxatriol derivatives on the contractile force in isolated spontaneously beating normal rat heart was investigated. Total ginseng saponin was obtained from white ginseng by the method of Shibata and Namba. Ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ and ginsenoside Re were isolated by the method of and Han, respectively. Total ginseng saponin exhibited a slight increase of the contractile force. Ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ increased markedly the contractile force and dose dependent increase in contractile force was observed. However, ginsenoside Re did not increase the contractile force, but it prevented spontaneous decrease of the contractility of the heart. The mixture of the same dose of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ and Re showed a slight increase in the contractile force and its effect was similar to that obtained by total ginseng saponin. Pretreatment with propranolol abolished the positive inotropic effect of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ and the positive inotropic effect of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$ was not observed in a reserpinized rat heart. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Re decreased or abolished the positive inotropic effect of epinephrine. Activities of Na+, K+ -ATPase were inhibited by ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$, total ginseng saponin and ginsenoside Re and these inhibitory effects were dose dependent. The results suggest that catecholamine release or inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase activities may be involved in the positive inotropic effect of gindenoside Rb$_{1}$. Ginsenoside Re counteracted the positive inotropic effect of ginsenoside Rb$_{1}$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2016

Background: Minor saponins or human intestinal bacterial metabolites, such as ginsenosides Rg3, F2, Rh2, and compound K, are more pharmacologically active than major saponins, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 was studied using enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of mushrooms. Methods: Mycelia of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Elfvingia applanata, and Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated in liquid media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk. Enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of five mushrooms were obtained by mycelia separation from cultured broth, enzyme extraction, ammonium sulfate (30-80%) precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying, respectively. The enzyme preparations were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. Results: Among the mushrooms used in this study, the enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of A. mellea (AMMEP) was found to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into compound K with a high yield, while those from G. lucidum, P. linteus, E. applanata, and P. ostreatus produced remarkable amounts of ginsenoside Rd from ginsenoside Rb1. The enzymatic hydrolysis pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by AMMEP was $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}$ compound K. The optimum reaction conditions for compound K formation from ginsenoside Rb1 were as follows: reaction time 72-96 h, pH 4.0-4.5, and temperature $45-55^{\circ}C$. Conclusion: AMMEP can be used to produce the human intestinal bacterial metabolite, compound K, from ginsenoside Rb1 with a high yield and without food safety issues.