• 생약학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.65-72
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• 1972

Tissues of $Panax\;Schinseng\;N_{EES}\;root$ were cultured on the synthetic agar media to investigate the nutrient efficiency on the callus induction and organ formation. The differentiation pattern of the callus mass and the structure of the induced organ (root) were observed internally. On White's medium, callus formation needed the supplement of 2,4-D (5mg/l) and kinetin (1.0mg/l), and on MS medium the root induction NAA (0.2mg/l) and kinetin (0.1mg/l). In order to investigate the effect of inorganic components on callus formation, the inorganic part of White' medium was substituted with those of Heller, Murashige Skoog, and Earle. As the result culture Earle's was most effective. On the other hand, the roots were induced from the meristem in the deep region of callus mass. Since this meristem is similar to the pericambium of tap root, they are the same on the pattern of morphogenesis.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2006

To investigate effects on the growth and ginsenosides accumulation in ginseng hairy root, potassium phosphate was supplemented with 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mM concentration in 1/2 MS medium, respectively. Potassium phosphate supplement was increased the biomass and ginsenosides accumulation when it was dose at the concentration of 1.25 mM. And the growth rate of hairy root in the light condition was higher than in dark condition. The highest contents and productivity of ginsenosides were observed at the supplement of 1.25 mM potassium phosphate at the 7th day after the culture onset. Ginseng hairy root cultured in 20 L bioreactor supplemented with 1.25 mM KH$_2$PO$_4$ was increased the growth with 1,609 g (F${\cdot}$W) and ginsenosides content with 11.09 mg than those in control.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Large-scale cultures of plant cell, tissue, and organ have been achieved by using BTBB. When different sized BTBBs (5 L, 20 L, 100 L, 300 L, and 500 L) were tested for the culture of yew cells (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc.), cell growth increment reached to 94.5% in SCV after 24 days of culture with 30% of inoculation cell density. However, there were some variations in the production of taxol and its derivatives among the BTBBs of different size. Approximate 4 ㎎/l of taxol and 84 ㎎/l of total taxanes were obtained by using a 500L BTBB after 6 weeks of culture. With a 20L BTBB, about 20,000 cuttings of virus-free potatoes (cv. Dejima) could be obtained by inoculating 128 explants and maintaining 8 weeks under 16 hr light illumination. The frequency of ex vitro rooting of the cuttings revealed as more than 99% under 30% shade. By incorporating two-stage culture process consisting of multiple bulblet formation in solid medium and bulblet development in liquid medium, mass propagation of lily through bioreactor seemed to be possible. In the case of 'Marcopolo', the growth of mini-bulblets in BTBB was nearly 10 folds faster than that of the solid medium. Time course study revealed that maximum MAR yield of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in a 5 L and 20 L BTBB after 8 weeks of culture was 500 g and 2.2 ㎏, respectively. By cutting the MAR once and/or twice during the culture, the yield of root biomass could be increased more than 50% in fresh weight at the time of harvest. With initial inoculum of 500 g of sliced MAR in a 500 L BTBB, 74.8 ㎏ of adventitious root mass was obtained after 8 weeks of culture. The average content of total ginseng saponin obtained from small-scale and/or pilotscale BTBBs was approximately 1% per gram dry weight. Based on our results, we suggest that large-scale cultures of plant cell, tissue, and organ using BTBB system should be quite a feasible approach when compared with conventional method of tissue culture.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.360-370
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• 2020

Background: Sophora flavescens AIT root is used as a herbal medicine in Asian culture. This study was aimed at selecting the best cultivars, by comparing growth characteristics, active ingredients, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results: A total twenty nine accessions of S. flavescens were collected from five different regions in Korea. Plant height, leaf length, peduncle length, fresh root weight, and seed weight were the growth characteristics selected. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the total polyphenol (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) as well as the radical scavenging activity of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Oxymatrine and matrine, active ingredients in S. flavescens were analyzed by HPLC. Results indicated that accession YS-11 had the highest plant height (152.5 cm) and peduncle length (54.0 cm). The fresh root weight was highest in JA-01 at 4.9 kg, while the highest total seed weight was recorded in accession BH-04 at 77.7 g. The YS-03 accession contained the highest oxymatrine and matrine total contents (0.9616% and 0.9638%, respectively). Accessions BH-02, YS-11, YS-05, and MJ-03 had the highest levels of antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). Oxymatrine showed a high correlation with TPC and FRAP. TPC showed high correlations with TFC, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. TFC showed a high correlation with DPPH. Conclusions: The superior lines can be selected for use as standard variety breeding material by comparing the growth characteristics of the accessions.

• 인삼문화
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• 제3권
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• pp.119-131
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• 2021

본 연구는 서지학적 고증을 통하여 고려인삼 승열작용의 정체성을 확인하고, 해소방안을 모색함을 목적으로 한다. 인삼의 승열작용과 관련하여 고문헌은 음(陰)이 부족하고, 폐가 열(火)이 있어서 가슴이 답답하고 기침 가래가 있는 사람, 맥(脈)이 강하고 빠른 사람, 비위(脾胃)가 실열(實熱)하여 변비가 있는 사람은 인삼을 사용하지 않아야 한다고 기록하고 있다. 청(淸)나라의 『본초정의』(本草正義)는 산양삼은 미한(微寒)의 보음(補陰) 작용이 있고, 밭 재배인삼은 미온(微溫)의 보기(補氣) 작용이 있다고 기록하였다. 또한, 청나라의 『본경봉원』(本經逢源), 『본초편독』(本草便讀), 『본초정의』는 미삼(尾蔘)은 쓴맛(苦味)으로 보음하고, 기미(氣味)가 차가운 성질(寒)로 하행(下行)하는 성질이 있다고 하였다. 한편, 명(明)나라의 『월지인삼전』(月池人蔘傳)과 청나라의 『본초비요』(本草備要)에서는 생인삼(生人蔘, 수삼)은 맛이 달고 쓰며, 약간 냉(凉)하다고 하였다. 이와 같은 고문헌의 기록을 고려해보면, 고려인삼의 승열의 부작용은 약간 냉하여 허화(虛火)를 걷어주고, 보음, 하행하는 한방생리작용을 나타내는 미삼, 생삼(수삼) 그리고 산양삼을 이용한 제품 개발을 통하여 극복할 수 있다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

인삼의 모상근 HRB-15 clone을 3L 용량의 생물반응기에서 배양하여 ginsenoside 생산량을 증진시킬 수 있는 방법을 찾고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 모상근을 광배양하면 암배양에 비해 생장이 30% 정도 억제되지만 ginsenoside 함량(ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rg1)은 크게 증가되어 암배양시보다 2배 높은 1.10%로 나타났으며, 이때에는 ginsenoside-Re의 함량이 매우 높은 반면 다른 ginsenoside들의 함량은 암배양시 보다 다소 감소하는 경향이었다. 또한 초기 10일간 암배양한 후 20일간 광배양하는 방법을 기준으로 sodium acetate를 농도별로 처리하여 본 결과, sodium acetate의 농도가 증가할수록 모상근의 생장이 억제되고 ginsenoside 함량도 감소하였으며, 배양배지내 인산의 농도를 변화시켜 본 결과, 1.25 mM $KH_2PO_4$ 처리가 모상근의 생장과 ginsenoside 함량 모두에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 한편 모상근의 생장과 ginsenoside 함량을 증가시키기 위해 yeast elicitation과 ammonium nitrate를 이용한 2단계 배양방법(two-step culture process)을 개발하였다. Elicitor로서 $50\;\mu\textrm{g}/g$ yeast extract를 배양 20일째(광배양 10일째)에 첨가하여 본 결과, 총 ginsenoside 생산 모두에서 상승된 효과를 보여주었다. 따라서 2단계 배양방법은 인삼 모상근의 대량배양을 통해 이차대사산물인 ginsenoside 생산량을 증가시킬수 있는 하나의 좋은 방법으로 생각된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

적변삼은 인삼에서 흔히 볼 수 있으며, 농가에 커다란 경제적 손실을 주지만, 아직까지 주원인에 대해서는 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구는 적변삼의 발생원인을 밝히기 위하여 적변삼과 내생 세균과의 연관성을 검토하였다. 인삼의 내생 세균 밀도는 정상 인삼의 경우 $0.96{\sim}1.5{\times}10^2cfu/g\;fw$에 불과하였으나 적변이 심한 경우는 $0.37{\sim}5.1{\times}10^7\;cfu/g\;fw$로 정상 인삼에 비하여 밀도가 매우 높았다. 적변삼에서 분리한 31개 균주는 적변정도의 차이는 있지만 적변을 유발하였다. 적변과 관련이 있는 세균은 대부분이 그람 음성균이었다. 적변을 유발하는 세균을 세균학적 특성과 16S rDNA의 염기서열 분석에 의해 동정한 결과 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes, Burkholderia phenazinium, Ensifer adharens, Lysobacter gummosus, Microbacterium Iuteolum, M. oxydans, Pseudomonas marginalis, P. veronii, Pseudomonas sp., Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. tropica, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rh. globerulus, Variovorax paradoxus의 세균으로 동정되었다. 따라서 인삼적변의 발생은 내생세균의 침입 및 증식에 기인한 것으로 추정된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 1994

인삼의 잎, 줄기, 뿌리 절편에 Agrobatriumrhizogenes(stain $A_4$를 접종하여 형질이 전환된 조직(모상근)을 유도, 배양한 후 saponin 고생산능 clones을 선발하였으며, 아울러 형질전환 여부를 dot blot hybridization 과 opine 분석으로 확인하였다. 여러 부위에서 유도된 모상근은 모두 암조건의 MS 배지에서 활발히 생장하였으며, 이들 중 HB3 clone을 이용하여 동질화딘 모상근 clon으로 배양한 후 saponin 고생산능 clon을 선발한 결과 HB2-10 clone이 최대의 생장을 보였으며 총 saponin함량은 0.55wt%로 나타났다. 그러나 총 saponin함량이 가장 높은 clone은 비교적 생장이 느린 HB3-2 clone이었으며 0.74wt%의 함량을 나타내었다. 아울러 dot blot hybridization 결과 Ri-T-DNA가 식물체의genome 내로 삽입되어 있었으며, opine확인결과 모든 모상근 clone으로부터 argropine과 mannopine이 검출되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.170-180
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• 2018

Background: To obtain useful cosmetic resources, this study aimed to determine the non-saponin fatty acid and inhibitory activities of collagenase and elastase by treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in supercritical fluid extracted oil of the adventitious root culture of wild mountain ginseng. Methods and Results: We performed supercritical fluid extraction at various conditions such as pressure, temperature, time, and use of co-solvents, unlike the n-hexane extraction for the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The non-saponin-fatty acid obtained from the oil of the adventitious roots culture was incresed by treatment with S. cerevisiae. The supercritical fluid extraction was conducted using gas chromatography. Non-saponin-fatty acid content, in the oil of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng treated with S. cerevisiae for 2 days were three times higher than that in the control. In addition, the oil of the adventitious roots culture treated with S. cerevisiae was investigated for the anti-wrinkle effect by using collagenase and elastase. The oil of adventitious roots culture treated with S. cerevisiae exhibited higher collagenase and elastase inhibitory activities than those in the control. Conclusions: Supercritical fluid extracted oil of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng treated with S. cerevisiae was found to have decreased ratio of saturated fatty acids and incresed ratio and content of unsaturated fatty acids increased. Furthermore, it showed anti-wrinkle effects in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.283-293
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• 2011

With the purpose of improving ginsenoside content in adventitious root cultures of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), the roots were treated with different dosages of ${\gamma}$-ray (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy). The growth of adventitious roots was inhibited at over 100 Gy. The irradiated adventitious roots showed significant variation in the morphological parameters and crude saponin content at 50 to100 Gy. Therefore, four mutant cell lines out of the propagation of 35 cell lines treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy were selected on the basis of phenotypic morphology and crude saponin contents relative to the wild type control. The contents of 7 major ginsenosides ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) were determined for cell lines 1 and 3 from 100 Gy and lines 2 and 4 from 50 Gy treatments. Cell line 2 showed more secondary roots, longer length and superior growth rate than the root controls in flasks and bioreactors. Cell line 1 showed larger average diameter and the growth rate in the bioreactor was comparable with that of the control but greater in the flask cultured roots. Cell lines 1 and 2, especially the former, showed much more ginsenoside contents than the control in flasks and bioreactors. Therefore, we chose cell line 1 for further study of ginsenoside contents. The crude saponin content of line 1 in flask and bioreactor cultures increased by 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to the control. Total contents of 7 ginsenoside types ($Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rf, and Rd) increased by 1.8 and 2.3-fold, respectively compared to the control. Crude saponin and ginsenoside contents in the bioreactor culture increased by about 1.4-fold compared to that the flask culture.