• 생약학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.185-189
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• 1981

The quality inspection was made on commercial Korean ginseng extract (Company A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H), particularly on samples available in Seoul market area. The results were as follews: 1) Among the ginseng extract products out of eight different manufactures, the moisture content of D company's product showed 46.5%, and other companys' met with the moisture standard for ginseng extracts. And protein, fat, ash, fiber and total sugar were about $9.87{\sim}21.07%,\;0.46{\sim}1.62%,\;6.55{\sim}7.88%,\;0{\sim}0.15%\;and\;58.58{\sim}76.74%$, respectively. And residue of D and F company products showed 3.25% and 3.61% which exceed the standard, and other company products met with residue test specifications. 2) The contents of ginseng saponins were 16.16% and 13.12%, respectively, for the C and H company products. However, other company's showed below 9%. By fractional distribution of ginseng saponins, it is supposed to be white ginseng and lateral ginseng that were mostly used as raw materials for ginseng extract manufacturing.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1979

This report is carried out pharmaceutical properties for the mosquito coil made of Ginseng leaf and the residue after extraction of Ginseng root. This experimental results are: Loss on drying of Insam (Ginseng) mosquito coil powder is average 8.31%, ash content of the powder is average 9.51% and burning time of Insam mosquito coil is aprroximately 36 minutes per gram. The contents of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on burning of mosquito coil are as same as following: Insam mosquito coil A brand mosquito coil B brand mosquito coil Allethrin in a piece of Insam mosquito coil was stable under the experimental conditions. CO (ppm) 360 540 760 $CO_2(%)$ 0.052 0.076 0.066 Allethrin in a piece of Insam mosquito coil was stable under the experimental conditions.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

Background: Some phenolics detected in the soil may inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng (Panax ginseng). This study investigated the effect of irrigation and ginseng root residue addition on the soil microbial community and root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng. Methods and Results: Each $20{\ell}$ pot was filled with soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens, and irrigated daily with $2{\ell}$ of water for one month. After the irrigation treatment, ginseng fine root powder was mixed with the irrigated soil at a rate of 20 g per pot. In descending order, ${NO_3}^-$, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) decreased due to irrigation. In descending order, ${NO_3}^-$, EC, Ex. K, and available $P_2O_5$ increased with the additon of ginseng powder to the soil. The abundance of Trichoderma crassum decreased with irrigation, but increased again with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Haematonectria haematococca increased with irrigation, but decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., which cause ginseng root rot, increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae increased with irrigation. The abundance of Streptomyces lavendulae decreased, and that of Arthrobacter spp. increased, with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Conclusions: Ginseng root residues in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.366-373
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• 2011

인삼 중 농약 잔류량 조사 결과 부적합율과 검출 빈도가 높은 boscalid 농약에 대하여 부적합 원인을 구명하기 위해 안전사용기준에 따라 농약을 살포하되, 그 살포방법을 달리하여 잔류량을 분석하였다. 인삼은 4년근과 6년근을 사용하였으며 분석 시 인삼의 뇌두와 몸통을 나누어 분석하였다. 그 결과 boscalid의 잔류량은 몸통부분보다 뇌두부분에서 더 많은 양이 검출되었으며, 랩 처리구의 잔류 결과로부터 boscalid의 흡수이행 경로를 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 인삼의 전체부위에 대한 최대 잔류량은 4년근 인삼의 관행 처리구에서 0.76 mg/kg, 토양 처리구에서 0.69 mg/kg, 랩 처리구에서 0.62 mg/kg으로 나타났으며, 6년근 인삼에서의 전체부위에 대한 최대 잔류량은 관행 처리구에서 0.74 mg/kg, 토양 처리구에서 0.40 mg/kg, 랩 처리구에서 0.28 mg/kg으로 나타나 4년근 인삼에서 6년근 인삼보다 더 많은 잔류량을 나타내었다. 뿐만 아니라, 4년근과 6년근 인삼 모두 식품의약품안전청에서 제시한 잔류허용기준인 0.3 mg/kg을 초과하였다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2005

홍삼박의 보존성을 향상시켜 반추동물사료 또는 사료첨가제로 이용할 목적으로 옥수수silage(대조구, corn silage; CS)와 홍삼박silage(GS), 홍삼박+0.5%분쇄옥수수(GS0.5), 홍삼박+1.0%분쇄옥수수(GS1.0) 및 홍삼박+유산균(GSL) silage를 제조하였다. silage 발효 기간중 0, 3, 7 및 60일에 pH를 측정하고 60일에 시료를 건조하여 분쇄한 후 화학조성분과 in vivo 건물 소화율은 측정한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약되었다. 1. Silage의 화학조성분은 원료 홍삼박에 비하여 silage의 성분변화는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 전반적인 홍삼박 silage의 건물기준 조단백질(17.7~18.8%)이 옥수수 silage(8.8%)보다 높았다(P<0.05). 또한 홍삼박silage의 Ca함량은 GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 0.99, 1.13, 0.99 및 1.03%로 나타나 옥수수silage(CS)의 0.31%보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 홍삼박 silage와 간에는 유의차가 나타내지 않았다. 2. Silage의 pH는 처음(0일)부터 홍삼박 silage가 낮았고, 발효 3, 7, 60일에서는 분쇄옥수수 0.5% 첨가구(GS0.5)가 4.2, 3.6 및 3.3으로 가장 낮았고 60일 기준으로는, 무처리구(GS)(3.6)과 유산균구(GSL)(3.7)가 높았다(p<0.05). 3. Silage의 in vivo 건물소화율에서 72시간소화율은 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 52.1, 76.5, 75.8, 72.9 및 77.3%로 나타나 옥수수silage보다 모든 홍삼박 silage에서 높았고(p<0.05) 홍삼박silage간에는 유이차를 보이지 않았다. 4. Silage의 발효특성중 총유기산 함량은 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 87.3, 44.7, 37.8, 46.3 및 47.2mM/dl로 CS가 가장 높았다. 총산 대유산 함량은 각각 53.7, 60.2, 77.2, 83.4 및 77.3%로 CS와 GS만 70% 미만이고 다른구는 70%이상으로 높게 나타났다. 5. Silage의 in vivo 건물 소화율은 발효 72시간에서 CS, GS, GS0.5, GS1.0 및 GSL이 각각 52.1, 76.5, 75.8, 72.7 및 77.3%로 나타나 CS보다 홍삼박 silage에서 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 홍삼박 silage의 품질은 분쇄 옥수수와 유산균첨가제구에서 양호했으나, 경제적인 면을 고려하여 분쇄옥수수 0.5%(GS0.5)가 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate residual characteristics of diethofencarb during ginseng cultivation and processing, and to establish the maximum residue limits (MRL) of ginseng and its processed products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Supervised field trials were conducted from three fields located at Seosan, Goesan and Jeongeup in Korea. Diethofencarb 25% WP was diluted by 500 times and sprayed 4 times onto the ginseng with 10 days interval. The samples were collected at 80 days after final application. The residual amounts of diethofencarb ranged from 0.074 to 0.460 mg/kg in fresh ginseng, from 0.292 to 0.720 mg/kg in dried ginseng, and from 0.208 to 0.557 mg/kg in red ginseng. These data exceeded the ginseng's MRL, 0.3 mg/kg. The processing factors of diethofencarb in processed products were found to be 2.64 and 1.99, respectively for dried and red ginseng. CONCLUSION: Given the lower residual concentration of red ginseng that goes through a more complicated process than dried ginseng, the residual concentrations of diethofencarb in processed ginseng products were found to be dependent on processing method. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the MRL of diethofencarb in fresh ginseng and its processed products.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.276-281
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• 2013

This study was conducted to compare the contents of ginsenoside according the water extract conditions of red ginseng. In method A, red ginseng extract was prepared at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours by 1 time extraction, and method B, the preparation was done at $85^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours by 1 time extraction. In method C, the primary extract prepared at $75^{\circ}C$ for 9 hours was blended with the secondary extract prepared by re-extracting the red ginseng residue obtained after the primary extraction, at $85^{\circ}C$ for 9 hours. Method D was the same procedure as method C but the extraction temperature for the primary extraction was $85^{\circ}C$ and that for the secondary extraction was $95^{\circ}C$. The contents of total and $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_3$ ginsenoside were highest in Method C. The content of prosapogenin (ginsenoside $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rb_1$ and $Rb_2$) was highest in Method B. There was no consistent tendency in Brix, pH, Hue value and absorbance among extraction methods.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.736-740
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• 2004

50% 에탄올 추출박으로부터 기존의 백삼농축액보다 산성다당체가 다량 함유된 백삼 농축액 제조 방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 50% 에탄올을 사용하여 제조한 백삼농축액의 추출 수율과 산성다당체 함량은 에탄올의 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 반면에 백삼을 0∼90% 에탄올로 추출하고 남은 백삼박 내의 산성다당체 함량은 에탄올 농도가 증가할수록 증가하였다. 백삼박으로부터 산성다당체를 얻을 수 있는 최적의 조건은 $\alpha$-amylase를 390∼650 unit/g residue/15 mL 증류수의 농도로 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 5분 동안 처리하는 것으로 확인되었다. 50% 에탄을 추출 후 남은 백삼박에 $\alpha$-amylase를 처리함으로써 백삼박의 물추출액 중의 산성다당체 함량은 무처리구의 8.3%에서 10.5%로 증가하였다. 기존의 50% 에탄올 백삼추출농축액과 본 실험을 통하여 얻어진 백삼박 추출액을 8:2(w/w)로 혼합한 새로운 흔합백삼농축액을 제조한 결과 기존의 인삼농축액에 비해 조사포닌 함량은 비슷하며 약2배 정도의 산성다당체를 함유하고 색도가 짙은 농축액을 제조할 수 있었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2006년도 한국약용작물학회 공동춘계학술발표회
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• pp.612-613
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• 2006

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.482-487
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• 2019

Background: The mixed-cultivation of different Panax ginseng cultivars can cause adverse effects on stability of yield and quality. K-1 is a superior cultivar with good root shape and stronger disease resistance. DNA markers mined from functional genes are clearly desirable for K-1, as they may associate with major traits and can be used for marker-assisted selection to maintain the high quality of Korean ginseng. Methods: Five genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of P. ginseng were amplified and compared for polymorphism mining. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of PR5 protein were analyzed by ExPASy-ProtParam, PSSpred, and I-TASSER methods, respectively. A coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based specific primer was designed for K-1 by introducing a destabilizing mismatch within the 3' end. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time allele-specific PCR assays were conducted for molecular discrimination of K-1 from other cultivars and landraces. Results: A coding SNP leading to the modification of amino acid residue from aspartic acid to asparagine was exploited in PR5 gene of K-1 cultivar. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the modification of amino acid residue changed the secondary and tertiary structures of the PR5 protein. Primer KSR was designed for specific discrimination of K-1 from other ginseng cultivars and landraces. The developed real-time allele-specific PCR assay enabled easier automation and accurate genotyping of K-1 from a large number of ginseng samples. Conclusion: The SNP marker and the developed real-time allele-specific PCR assay will be useful not only for marker-assisted selection of K-1 cultivar but also for quality control in breeding and seed programs of P. ginseng.