• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.186-195
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• 2019

Background: Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) ginsenosides have not been well used. To improve their utilization, the biotransformation of NGL ginsenosides was studied using ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: NGL ginsenosides were reacted with a crude enzyme in the RAT-5D bioreactor, and the dynamic changes of multi-ginsenosides of NGL were recognized by HPLC. The reaction products were separated using a silica gel column and identified by HPLC and NMR. Results: All the NGL ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides; the main ginsenoside contents are 27.1% Rb3, 15.7% C-Mx1, 13.8% Rc, 11.1% Fc, 7.10% Fa, 6.44% C-Mc, 5.08% Rb2, and 4.31% Rb1. In the reaction of NGL ginsenosides with crude enzyme, the main reaction of Rb3 and C-Mx1 occurred through Rb3${\rightarrow}$C-Mx1${\rightarrow}$C-Mx; when reacted for 1 h, Rb3 decreased from 27.1% to 9.82 %, C-Mx1 increased from 15.5% to 32.3%, C-Mx was produced to 6.46%, finally into C-Mx and a small amount of C-K. When reacted for 1.5 h, all the Rb1, Rd, and Gyp17 were completely reacted, and the reaction intermediate F2 was produced to 8.25%, finally into C-K. The main reaction of Rc (13.8%) occurred through Rc${\rightarrow}$C-Mc1${\rightarrow}$C-Mc${\rightarrow}$C-K. The enzyme barely hydrolyzed the terminal xyloside on 3-O- or 20-O-sugar-moiety of the substrate; therefore, 9.43 g C-Mx, 6.85 g C-K, 4.50 g R7, and 4.71 g Fc (hardly separating from the substrate) were obtained from 50 g NGL ginsenosides by the crude enzyme reaction. Conclusion: Four monomer ginsenosides were successfully produced and separated from NGL ginsenosides by the enzyme reaction.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.396-402
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality changes of retort pouched seasoned-conger eel products during a 60 day of storage at 4, 15 and -20$^{\circ}C$. The seasoned-conger eel products was sterilized at either 100 or 121$^{\circ}C$ for 90min., and then vacuum packed in plastic film bags. When comparing their duality before and after sterilization, the pH and VBN of all the products slightly decreased, while the TBA values slightly increased after sterilization. The color value, b, of the product decreased after sterilization, while the L value rarely changed. During storage the pH and VBN of all the products were little changed at the storage temperatures of 15 and -20$^{\circ}C$. The TBA values increased after 30 and 60 days at 15$^{\circ}C$, and at 4 and -20$^{\circ}C$, respectively. As for color difference during storage, the L and a values were little changed during storage, while the b value increased. In conclusion, the quality of the retort pouched seasoned-conger eel products remained good during the 60 day storage period when chilled and frozen after sterilization, and could be consumed as an instant food, keeping an appropriate content and soft texture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 1984

In order to improve the physical properties on moisture sorption of spray dried red ginseng extract powder (SD-RGEP), the various additives and coating agents were treated, and solubility, sedimentation rate and storage stability of RGEPs treated were investigated. For the moisture-proofing, additive itself was effective in the order casein>dextrin>starch>avicell, but RGEPs treated with additives were effective in the order cord oil+tween-40>starch>casein. But there was no significant difference between RGEP treated less than 1% additive and the moisture-proofing. The coating effect of AEA and CAP on RGEP could not be recognized for the moisture-proofing, whereas that of HPC, corn oil, lecithin and HPC+corn oil was proved to be very effective for the moisture-proofing of RGEP. Also it is required to control the initial moisture content of RGEP. The sedimentation rate of RGEP nontreated was 65.1 seconds, whereas that of RGEPs coated with 1% HPC, 1% corn oil, 1% lecithin and 1% HPC+0.5% corn oil was in the range of 96.2 to 114.3 seconds. The sedimentation rate of RGEPs coated was 1.5 to 1.8 times higher than that of RGEP nontreated, and there was significant difference between solubility and sedimentation rate. Therefore it was no matter for the keeping quality. The sorption rates of RGEPs coated with lecithin $(0.5{\sim}1.0%$), corn oil(0.8%) and cellulose acetate (0.8%) were ranged 54 to 56%, 51 to 55% and 52 to 54%, respectively, and it is found that the moisture-proofing effect of RGEPs coated was about 2 times higher than that of RGEP nontreated. From the result of storage experiment during 3 months under the maltreated condition of $48{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 75% RH, the moisture sorption of RGEPs coated with corn oil$(0.5{\sim}1.0%$), cellulose acetate(DES, $0.5{\sim}0.8%$) and lecithin (DES, 1.0%) was not at all observed. Therefore it is considered that the circulating period of RGEPs coated with these coating agents could to give more than 3 years.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

This project was undertaken to compare the Korea Food Standards Code, Food Additives Code and Codex Food Category System and to propose necessary measures to improve the regulatory system of food additives which are scientifically reasonable and harmonizable with international standards. Current food grouping and nomenclature in Korea were specifically compared with the Codex Food Category System and measures to solve any problems in connection with the use of additives in traditional foods were attempted. Among the food commodities in the Korea Foods Standards Code, 8 food groups including Korean confections, semisolid starchy syrups, bean curds and starch gels, edible oils and fats, tea beverages, seasoning foods, kimchi and salted vegetables, and ginseng products were chosen to propose some improvement measures to harmonize the classification, nomenclature, definition and use of additives with the Codex standards.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-257
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• 2010

This study was conducted to search the health food intake behavioral intentions of male workers. The health-related behavior of 150 subjects were compared(smoke, alcohol drink, breakfast, BMI, sleep, exercise and health check). On the basis of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the factors health-food intake behavior were evaluated; there were normative beliefs, motivation for compliance, subjective norms, social influence factors, and barriers as perceived behavior control. The results were showed with five points by the Likert scale and Significance by t-test. The most frequently consumed health food was tea(3.40/4points) followed by healthy drinks(2.49/4). As behavioral beliefs, if consumption of 'nutritional supplements'(3.61/5) and 'fatigue recovery'(3.62/5) received the highest scores. As a result, the idea of 'nutritional supplements'(3.94/5) and 'fatigue recovery'(4.06/5) were the important aspects, but others were also positively evaluated. As a sub-factor of subjective norms on normative beliefs, The highest social groups to encourage consumption of health food were parents (3.93/5), and the lowest were doctors (3.02/5). The most influential people were doctors (3.67/5) and spouses (3.65/5). Barriers to consumption health food were side effects (1.09/5) and price (2.08/5). Taking Ginseng products and other processed foods (juice, honey, bamboo, etc.) were correlated with health concern (p<0.05). Taking traditional stamina foods was correlated with dietary habit recognition (p<0.05). Mineral intake was positively correlated with age. Healthy drinks was negative (p<0.05). Minerals and supplement consumption were correlated with the practice of healthy behavior (p<0.01).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.465-473
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was undertaken to analyze Staphylococcus aureus from cultivation environments for agricultural products and to confirm antibiotic resistance and enterotoxin genes for the isolated S. aureus. Methods: A total of 648 samples were collected from apple, peach, ginseng and balloon flower farms. S. aureus was isolated from soil, agricultural water, personal hygiene elements (hands, gloves and clothes) and work utensils (boxes). Results: S. aureus was detected in a total of 25 samples and 72 strains were isolated. The resistance rate of the isolated S. aureus strains was confirmed at 33.3%, with 24 resistant strains among the total of 72. Fourteen different patterns types were found, and three pattern types (NV, OX, VA) were confirmed most frequently. As result of the detection of enterotoxin gene type, four gene types (sea: 1, sed: 4, seg: all isolated S. aureus, sei: all isolated S. aureus) were analyzed among a total of nine types. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that personal hygiene techniques should be properly managed, such as washing and sterilization before or after work, because agricultural contamination by S. aureus frequently developed through improper management.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 1986

Bioassay-directed isolation has yielded some cytotoxic substances against L1210 cell from the Korean traditional medicine. These include 5,2'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,6'-teramethoxyflavone $(IV,\;scutellaria\;root,\;ED_{50}\;=\;1.7\;{mu}g/ml)$, 7-geranyloxycoumarin $(XXXII,\;poncirus\;fruit,\;10.2\;{mu}g/ml) $and panaxydol $(I,\;white\;ginseng,\;0.03\;{mu}g/ml)$. IV, XXXII and their derivatives were synthesized in the purpose of in vivo tests and for observation of structure-activity relations. Among the flavone derivatives, 5,2',6'-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone (XVIII), 5-hydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy-6'-benzyloxyflavone (XVII) and 5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone (X) showed the cytotoxicity which has no correlation to the flavone structures. Of the coumarins synthesized, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (XXVI), 6-7-dihydroxycoumarin (XXIX) and 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (XXXI) showed considerable activities. Acetylated XXXI has moderate activity $(ED_{50}=17.2\;{mu}g/ml)$. Monobydroxycoumarins or their methyl and allyl ether were inactive. IV inhibits the growth of the solid form of S-180 by 70% at 40 mg/kg and shows T/C of 166% on the ascitic S-180 at 40 mg/kg. It strongly inhibits the activity of the membrane bounded ATPase from L1210 cell. The most cytotoxic fraction of the antitumor materials studied is the one from the trichosanthes root showing $ED_{50}=0. 0003\;{mu}g/ml$ against L1210 cell. This fraction, obtained from ethyl acetate extract, showed T/C of 130 and 135%, on ICR mice bearing S-180 and $BDF_1$ mice bearing L1210 at 10 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.452-460
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• 2000

Aspects of health food intake were investigated by conducting a questionnaire survey with over 480 of adults in Taejon and the data were analyzed by $\chi$$^2$-test, t-test and ANOVA, using an SAS program. Eighty two percent of the subjects had taken some kind of health food. The health foods they took frequently were, for example, health drinks, green tea, ginseng products, dietary fiber drinks, honey, general tea, vitamin B, vitamin C, and tonic medicines. The main reason for taking health foods was recovery from fatigue and the frequency of taking health foods was one time per day. Most of the subjects took health foods without knowledge of their components or effects. When they health foods with a perceived knowledge of their components and effects, they responded that the health foods were very helpful for them. Twenty percent of subjects experienced side effects, such as diarrhea, stomachache, headache, nettle rash, and stomach cramps. Information on health foods was obtained mainly from friends or family. The user group showed higher intention to continue health food intake than non users(p < 0.001). Health foods were taken without any knowledge about them. Health food intake was significantly correlated with consideration of disease, suffering or disease, medical examination, and self-perceived health status, but not with food habits and health food knowledge. As for the results from the adults consumption pattern of health food, an education program should be developed to choose proper health foods according to the consumers dietary life and health conditions. Also a proper guide line should be established to be chosen the authorized health foods.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2001

This study was performed to determine the effect of several herbs on radiation-induced apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells. Longyanrou(Euphoris longana), Suanzaoren(Zizyphus vulgaris), Yuanzhi(Polygala tenuifolia), Rensan(Panax ginseng), Fuling(Poria cocos), Muxiang (Saussurea lappa), Chuanxiong(Cnidium officinale), Baishaoyao(Paeonia lactifolia), Shengma (Cimicifuga heracleifolia), Chaihu (Bupleurum falcatum) and Dongchongxiacao ( Paecilomyces japonica) reduced the frequency of radiation-induced apoptosis(p<0.05). Although the mechanisms of this effect remain to be elucidated, these results indicated that Longyanrou, Suanzaoren, Yuanzhi, Rensan, Fuling, Muxiang, Chuanxiong, Baishaoyao, Shengma, Chaihu and Dongchongxiacao might be useful inhibitors of apoptosis, especially since these are relative nontoxic natural products.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.267-274
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• 2019

This study aims to evaluate the effects of Shengmaisan (SMS) and three types of ShengmaisanJiaweifang on the inhibitory effect of melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells, the mechanism of action through tyrosinase, and the antioxidant effect through superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In this study, we used ShengmaisanJiaweifangs (SMS, SMSRR, SMSAD, SMSAR) to research the whitening effects in B16F10 cell lines. Shengmaisan (SMS) was a herbal medicine composed of Ginseng Radix, Liriopis Tuber, and Schisandrae Fructus. ShengmaisanJiaweifangs included SMSRR (SMS added with Rehmanniae Radix), SMSAD (SMS added with Asparagi Radix) and SMSAR (SMS added with Astragali Radix). We measured the cell viability, the inhibition rate of the melanin biosynthesis, and the activity of tyrosinase and SOD in malignant melanoma, B16F10 cells, to survey the whitening effect and the mechanism of the impact on the sample. As a result, SMSRR significantly suppressed the cell viability of B16F10 at more than $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and significantly inhibited the generation of melanin induced by ${\alpha}$-MSH at more than $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. SMSRR ($500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) decreased the activity of tyrosinase while increased the activity of SOD. Therefore, we considered that the SMSRR would be able to produce high value-added products more SMS if used as a commercial.