• 약학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.134-141
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• 2010

It is well known that the numbers and functions of immune-associated cells are increased by saponins and polysaccharides in ginseng. In this study, the mixture of polysaccharide and saponin (MPS) from Panax ginseng is applied to LPS- activated RAW 264.7 cells. The production of NO and the gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ are decreased in LPSactivated RAW 264.7 cells and the expression of arginase II and PD-1L genes is decreased in LPS-untreated macrophages. Therefore, the mixture of saponin and polysaccharide from Panax ginseng could be used in order to regulate immune responses.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 1992

This study investigated ginsenosides and tissue characteristics of roots injured by physiological disorder, rusty and rough skin. After separation to cortex and stele parts of healthy, rusty (red) and rough skin roots, respectively, the contents of saponin and ginsenosides were analyzed. And also, the histological and cytological characteristics of cortex and stele parts were investigated. Crude saponin contents were little different among healthy, rusty (red) and rough skin root and ginsenesides as - Rgl, - Re and - Rbl were largely detected both in stele and cortex part. The ratio of PT/PD showed about 1:1 in three kinds of root. In histological study, destoryed cells in epidermis of rusty(red) root, and those in epidermis and exodermis of rough skin root were observed. The cells in cortex of rusty (red) and rough skin root have generally nucleus with unfixed shape, unequal cell wall, large number of vacuole and mitochondris, and unidentified dark substances compared to healthy root. But in cell of stele tissue, most of organellE seems to be normal except a small number of cells in rough skin root.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.594-601
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• 2008

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Panax ginseng) has been used for several thousand years to prolong longevity in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are the most active components isolated from ginseng and belong to damarane saponin which are separated into protopanaxadiol and protopanaxtriol. To evaluate the complex effect of ginsenoside in apo E null mice, ginseng extract were intraperioneally (i.p.) injected and provided high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Ginseng extract came from were i.p. injected with dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks in the last experimental duration. Ginseng extract used experiment was abundant Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg1 and PD：PT ratio was 1.2. The high-cholesterol diet induced liver damage was significantly reduced by ginseng extract. Results from plasma lipid profiles and atherogenic index were improved by ginseng extracts. The GE group significantly decreased plasma TG and TC by 73% and 61% compared to apo E (-/-) group. Also ginseng extract tend to decrease lipid profiles and lipidperoxidation contents in liver and heart. Ginseng extract with an abundant amount of Rg1 significantly suppressed the apoptosis induction of cardiac tissue. In conclusion, ginseng extract (PD：PT = 1) was improved lipid profiles and anti-oxidant effects.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.110-115
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• 1998

인삼 PD saponin(GPD)으로 배양한 고양이 말초혈액 단핵구세포(afNC) 배양상충 액에서 말초혈액 다형핵백혈구(PMNC)에 대한 interleukin(IL) 8 양 유주활성에 잔하여 검토 하였다. PMNC의 유주활성은 Hoyden chamber 변법으로 측정하였다. GPD를 첨가하여 배양 한 MNC배양상층액중에는 rMNC에 대한유주활성이 인정되었다. PMNC에 대하여 GPD 로 배양한 MNC 배양상층액중에 존재하는 유주활성이 IL 8 양 물질인지를 알아보기 위해 human recombinant IL 8을 이용하여 고양이 PMNC에 대해 유주팔성을 측정한 결과, GPD 로 배양한 MNC 배양상층액의 경우와 동등한 활성이 나타났다. Human IL 8 mAb를 사용하 여 GPD로 배양한 MNC 배양상층액중의 유주활성에 대한 중화반응을 살펴본 결과, GPD로 배양잔 MNC 배양상충액 및 human IL 8에 의해 증가되었던 PMNC의 유주활성은 IL 8 cAb의 첨가농토가 증가함에 따라 활성이 완전히 억제되었다. 또한 GPD로 배양한 고양이 MNC 배양상충액중의 유주활성은 열처리(4, 30, 37, 60 및 $100{\circ}C$) 및 산(pH 3.0)과 알카리 (pH 9.0)처리에도 안정성을 보여 human IL 8의 물리화학적 성상과 매우 유사하였다. 따라서 GPD로 배양한 MNC 배양상충액중에 존재하는 고양이 PMNC에 대한 유주활성은 feline IL 8 양 물질임을 강하게 시사하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 1983

홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)을 실온(室溫)에서 장기보존(長期保存)하였을 때 인삼(人蔘)의 유효약리성분(有效藥理成分)으로 밝혀진 사포닌의 보존년수(保存年數)에 따른 함량변화(含量變化) 및 triol계(系)사포닌과 diol계(系)사포논의 비(比) 즉 PT/PD ratio 등을 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. (1) 보존년수(保存年數)에 따라 총질소(總窒素), 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조지방(粗脂肪)의 함량(含量)은 서서히 감소(減少)하였으나 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)사이에는 큰 유의성(有意性)을 인정(認定)할 수 없었다. (2) 총(總)사포닌 함량(含量)은 보존년수(保存年數)에 따라 상당한 감소현상(減少現象)을 나타내었는데 그 정도는 홍삼(紅蔘)보다 백삼(白蔘)이 현저하였다. 3년(年)동안 보존(保存)했을 때 홍삼(紅蔘)은 12%만 감소(減少)한 반면 백삼(白蔘)은 27%나 감소(減少)하였다. (3) HPLC로 정량(定量)한 주성분(主性分)사포닌의 함량(含量)도 보존년수(保存年數)에 따라 감소현상(減少現象)이 뚜렷하였는데 보존기간(保存期間) 3년(年)이 경과(經過)했을 때 홍삼(紅蔘)은 16.8%만이 감소(減少)한 반면 백삼(白蔘)은 같은 기간(期間)에 무려 42.2%가 감소(減少)하였다. (4) 보존년수(保存年數)에 따른 PT/PDratio를 보면 홍삼(紅蔘)은 0.646~0.694%의 범위내에 또 백삼(白蔘)은 0.414~0.428%의 범위내에 있어 홍삼(紅蔘)이 백삼(白蔘)에 비(比)해 PT/PD ratio가 약 50% 정도가 높았다. 이것이 홍삼(紅蔘)의 약리작용(藥理作用)에 깊이 관계(關係)할 것으로 생각된다. (5) 홍삼(紅蔘)과 백삼(白蔘)의 추출액(抽出液)의 가시부(可視部)의 변화(變化)를 보면 백삼(白蔘)이 홍삼(紅蔘)보다 증가폭(增加幅)이 더 크므로 불안정(不安定)함을 알 수 있고, 또 자외부(紫外部)의 변화(變化)를 보면 278nm에서 홍삼(紅蔘)의 흡광도(吸光度)가 백삼(白蔘)보다 크므로 홍삼(紅蔘)의 향미(香味)가 백삼(白蔘)보다 좋음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 1998

인삼엽차 제조를 위한 연구의 일환으로 인삼엽의 성숙시기인 7, 8, 9월 중에 인삼엽을 각각 채엽하여 사포닌 함량 및 조성을 비교, 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼엽의 사포닌 함량은 7월엽이 17.17%, 8월엽이 16.67%, 9월엽 25.58%로서 채엽시기가 늦어질수록 감소하였으나 ginsenoside pattern은 유사하였다. 2. 인삼엽의 ginsenoide 함량 및 조성은 채엽시기와 관계없이 ginsenosides-Re, -Rd, -Rg1 등이 총사포닌 성분의 70% 이상을 차지하였고 그 다음으로 -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc 순이었으며 protoparnaxadiol계 사포닌은 8월엽, protopanaxatriol계 사포닌은 9월엽에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 3. 인삼엽의 채엽시기별 protopanaxadiol(PD)/protopanaxatriol(PT)계 사포닌의 함유비율은 7월엽의 1.13에서 9월엽은 0.85로 점차 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.490-494
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to provide the basic information for developing a high-value ginseng product using ginseng saponin and prosapogenin. In order to achieve such aim, Ginsenoside compositions of black ginseng (BG) extracts with various solvent conditions were examined by HPLC. The total saponin and the prosapogenin content of 95$\%$ ethyl alcohol extract were higher than that of the either 50$\%$ ethyl alcohol extract or distilled water extract. As a result, the order of the total saponin and the prosapogenin content was 1) 95$\%$ ethyl alcohol,2) 50$\%$ ethyl alcohol,3) the first and second mixture of 95$\%$ ethyl alcohol, distilled water, and 4) distilled water extract. In the case of fine black ginseng (FBG), the first and second mixture extracts of 95$\%$ ethyl alcohol and distilled water were the highest. In addition, the ratio of the protopanaxadiol group and the protopanaxatriol group (PD/PT) showed that the ratio of BG ranged from 0.304 to 0.601, while the ratio of FBG ranged from 1.166 to 1.657.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 1996

This study was designed to examine the effects of red ginseng total saponin and extract on spatial working memory in mice using Morris water maze. Two kinds of red ginseng saponin (No. 1 and No. 2) and three kinds of red ginseng extract (No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3) to have different PD/ PT ratio (No. 1=1.24, No.2=1.47 No.3=2.41) were prepared by mixing the different parts of red ginseng In different ratio. In acute administration of total saponin No. 1 or No. 2, escape time to reach to a hidden platform In a fixed location for training trials was significantly decreased as compared with control group and swimming time in the quadrant that had contained the platform was also significantly increased as compared with control group. In acute treatment of extract No. 1 or 1 No. 2, swimming time in the platformless quadrant was increased dose dependently as compared with control group, especially at dose of 200 mg/kg,bw swimming time was significantly Increased. Oral treatment of extract No. 1 (100 mg/kg, bw) for 7 days produced an increase of swimming time In the platformless quadrant but a decrease of swimming time in No.3-treated group (100 mg/kg, bw). These results show that red ginseng may improve spatial discrimination learning and spatial working memory of mice

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.144-151
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• 1991

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of light intensity using polyethylene (p.E) net shading on the specific gravity, red ginseng quality, sugar and saponin contents of ginseng root. The specific gravity significantly increased in the ginseng roots grown under the P.E net shading as compared with that of common straw shading. The red ginseng quality under the P.E net shading was improved in order of 10, 5, 15, 20, 30% of light intensity and the inside cavity and inside white part decreased remarkably as compared with those of common straw shading. The ginseng roots grown under the P.E net shading at 10% and 15% light intensity showed a significant increase in the total sugar content but a significant decrease in the reducing sugar content at 15% light intensity as compared with those of common straw shading. The amount of total saponin of ginseng roots was increased under the P.E net shading at high light intensity as compared with that of common straw shading and the ginseng roots grown under the P.E net shading at 10% light intensity showed an increase in the diol group saponin but the ratio of PT/PD was decreased. Extract contents of ginseng root under the P.E net shading was higher than those of common straw shading and the roots grown under the P.E net shading at 15% and 20% light intensity resulted in a remarkable increase in extract contents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 1994

Saponin of Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) is composed of Protopanaxatriol (PT) and Protopanaxa- diol (PD). We investigated the effects of PT and PD on the contractility and $^{45}Ca$ uptake in the pig coronary artery. Isometric tension in the helical strips and $^{45}Ca$ uptake in the ring strips were measured in the presence or absence of PT and PD. PT and PD did not affect the high K+ (40 mM)-induced contraction but relaxed the ACh-induced contraction in a dose4ependent manner (1~10 mg/dl). The vasorelaxing effect of PT on the ACh-induced contraction was more potent than that of PD. Those relaxations were partially suppressed by the rubbing of endothelium removal. ACh-induced contraction in the $Ca^{2+}$-free Tyrode's solution was suppressed by the pretreatment of PT or PD. Following the depletion of ACh-sensitive intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ pool, ACh-induced contraction was suppressed by the pratreatment of PT or PD. With the pretreatment of PT or PD, $^{45}Ca$ uptake by high K+ (43 mM) was not changed but that by ACh was suppressed in the pig coronary artery. From the above results, we suggested that the vasorelaxing effect of PT and PD of Panax ginseng was due to inhibition of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release, inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ uptake via receptor-operated $Ca^{2+}$ channels and in part a release of vasorelaxing factor from endothelium in pig coronary artery.