• 약학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.337-345
• /
• 1995

The effects of ginkgolides(natural mixture of ginkgolides, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C) and flavonoids(quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin), extracted from Ginkgo biloba, on ADP and PAF-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo were investigated. In these experiments, both of ginkgolides and ginkgoflavonoids did not affect the ADP(5 $\mu{M}$) induced platelet aggregation in vitro. The IC$_{50}$ value on PAF (0.3 $\mu{M}$) induced platelet aggregation were 2.52 $\mu{M}$ (ginkgolide B) and 6.35 $\mu{M}$ (natural mixture of ginkgolides) and 2.80 $\mu{M}$ (mixture of ginkgolide B and quercetin). Oral administration of ginkgolide B (1 and 3 mg/kg) and quercetin (3 and 9 mg/kg) to rabbits inhibited ex vivo PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Ginkomin-F tablets administered to the diabetic patients showed inhibitory activities on the ADP and PAF induced platelet aggregation in a dose and time dependent manner.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 1993

The cardiac effects of PAF antagonist Ginkgolide B(BN 52051) have been investigated on the isolated perfused guinea pig hearts maintained at the constant hydrostatic perfusion pressure of 80 cm water. PDE(Phosphodiesterase) inhibitor KR-30289 was used as a positive control to see the positive inotropic effects on the perfused hearts. In this expriments, Ginkgolide $B(10^{-5}-SM)$ showed negative inotropic effects by decreasing of LVP, LVDP, LV dp/dt, HR and RPP(Rate Pressure Product). Ginkgolide B also decreased the number of extrasystole by $51.9\%(from\;23.75\pm9.22/min\;to\;11.43\pm435/min)$ induced by global ischemia and reperfusion. The rate, [-dp/dt]/[+dp/dt] increased in preischemia but decreased in postischemia. 1n the separated study the injection of 1ml of Ginkgolide B$(10^{-4M})$ on the isolated heart, increased coronary flow(CF) by $11.8\%(from\;7.5\pm7.65ml/min\;to\;8.5\pm0.29ml/min)$ and decreased the number of extrasystole by $47.6\%(from\;21\pm5.92/min\;to\;11\pm5.27/min)$. In conclusion, Ginkgolide B showed antiarrhythmic and protective effects by decreasing the number of extrasystole and by increasing the coronary flow, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.150-154
• /
• 2005

천연식물자원으로부터 생물농약을 개발하기 위하여 점박이응애(Tetranichus urticae), 목화진딧물(Aphis gossypii)과 복숭아혹진딧물(Myzus persicae)에 대해 푸른은행잎 추출물(GG-W80)과 노란은행잎 추출물(YG-W80)의 살충효과와 기피효과를 leaf disk법과 유묘검정법에 의해 조사하였다. 점박이응애에 대한 살충효과는 GG-W80이 98.3%로 YG-W80의 20.0%보다 우수하였다. 점박이응애에 강한 살충효과를 보이는 생리활성물질은 high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)를 이용해 동정하였다. 푸른은행잎 추출물에서는 각각 bilobalide $611\;{\mu}g/kg$, ginkgolide A $37\;{\mu}g/kg$와 ginkgolide B $243\;{\mu}g/kg$이 동정되었으며, 노란은행잎 추출물에서는 bilobalide $214\;{\mu}g/kg$와 ginkgolide B $46\;{\mu}g/kg$이 동정되었으나 ginkgolide A는 확인되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 은행잎에 존재하는 terpene계 화합물인 bilobalide와 ginkgolide A, B가 점박이응애에 살충력을 갖고 있음을 알수 있으며, 이들 성분을 포함한 은행잎 추출물이 점박이응애에 대한 생물학적 방제 가능성을 가지고 있음을 시사하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.1198-1205
• /
• 2000

은행잎 엑스 3종류를 이용하여 활성산소와 염중관련 아라키돈산 유리의 억제능을 보았다. 은행잎 엑스, Ginkgolide A, Ginkgolide B의 3종류 모두 pyrogallol 자동산화에서는 항산화능을 발휘하지 못하였으나, DPPH법의 전자공여능에서는 환원력을 나타내었다. 10 ${\mu}M$ 과산화수소($IC_{50}=10\;{\mu}M$)로 U937의 지질과산화 유도 시 은행잎 엑스 3종류 모두 400 ${\mu}g/mL$이상에서는 보호하였으나, 은행잎 엑스가 가장 좋았다. 단백질 분해실험에서는 Ginkgolide A만이 효과가 좋아 50 ${\mu}g/mL$에서도 거의 억제하였다. TPA와 calcimycin을 U937에 첨가하여 염중 유도의 중요 물질인 아라키돈산 유리를 유도하였다. 이 아라키돈산 유리 유도 시 은행잎 엑스 3종류 모두 10 ${\mu}g/mL$에서도 뛰어난 억제능을 보였으며, 특히 Ginkgolide B는 유도 시에 비하여 11배 억제하였으며, 비유도시인 대조군보다도 약 4배의 억제능을 보였다. 따라서 은행잎 엑스가 항산화능에 의해 아라키돈산 유리를 억제하는 것이 아니라 아라키돈산 유리의 전 단계의 어느 부분을 강하게 억제하여 아라키돈산 유리가 저해되는 것으로 생각된다.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 2010

Antifungal effect of Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts conducted for Pityrosporum ovale. Antifungal effect verified by diffusion test, optical density test and colony counting test under various concentration. Extract of ginkgo biloba leaves performed with 40% ethanol and 60% water solution at $60^{\circ}C$ and major components analyzed by HPLC. The concentrated extract have bilobalide and ginkgolide A and ginkgolide B and their concentration were 153.0 mg/L, 8403.5 mg/L and 2723.0 mg/L respectively. Ginkgo biloba leaves extracts gave 99.1% of antifungal effect for Pityrosporum ovale examined by colony counting method.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolide A and B and aspirin on SK-N-MC, human neuroblastoma cell viability and mRNA expression of growth associated protein43 (GAP43), Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), B-cell lymphoma2 (Bcl2) and protein53 (p53) gene in hypoxia and reperfusion condition. Methods: SK-N-MC cells were cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) media in $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator. The cells were cultured for 8 hours in non-glucose media and hypoxic condition and for 12 hours in normal media and $O_2$ concentration. Cell survival rate was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) reagent assay. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to estimate mRNA levels of GAP43, MAP2, Bcl2, and p53 genes. Results: The ginkgolide A and B increased viable cell number decreased in hypoxic and reperfused condition. The co-treatment of ginkgolide B with aspirin also increased the number of viable cells, however, there was no additive effect. Although there was no increase of mRNA expression of GAP43, MAP2, and Bcl2 in SK-N-MC cells with individual treatment of ginkgolide A, B or aspirin in hypoxic and reperfused condition, the co-treatment of ginkgolide A or B with aspirin significantly increased GAP43 and Bcl2 mRNA levels. In MAP2, only the co-treatment of ginkgolide A and aspirin showed increasing effect. The mRNA expression of p53 had no change in all treating conditions. Conclusion: This study suggests that the combined treatments of Ginkgo biloba extracts and aspirin increase the regeneration of neuroblastoma cells injured by hypoxia and reperfusion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.40-48
• /
• 2016

The pregnane X receptor (PXR), a liver and intestine specific receptor,, has been reported to be related with the repression of inflammation as well as activation of cytochromosome P450 3A (CYP3A) expression. We examined the effect of PXR on tetrachloromethane (CCl4)-induced mouse liver inflammation in this work. Ginkgolide A, one main component of Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE), activated PXR and enhanced PXR expression level, displayed both significant therapeutic effect and preventive effect against $CCl_4$-induced mouse hepatitis. siRNA-mediated decrease of PXR expression significantly reduced the efficacy of Ginkgolide A in treating $CCl_4$-induced inflammation in mice. Flavonoids, another important components of GBE, were shown anti-inflammatory effect in a different way from Ginkgolide A which might be independent on PXR because flavonoids significantly inhibited CYP3A11 activities in mice. The results indicated that anti-inflammatory effect of PXR might be mediated by enhancing transcription level of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ through binding of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity by NF-${\kappa}B$-specific suppressor $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ is one of the potential mechanisms of Ginkgolide A against CCl4-induced liver inflammation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제31권9호
• /
• pp.2542-2546
• /
• 2010

The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of dextran gel on preparation of nano-liposomes loaded with ginkgolide. During preparation, Sephadex G75, G50 and G25 were added in the aqueous phase respectively. From the experiment, nano-liposomes prepared by dextran gels were found spherical and smooth. The result indicated that aperture of dextran gels were narrower, particle size of nano-liposomes was smaller (207.13 ~ 89.16 nm) and zeta potential was greater (-36.2 ~ -29.5 mV) in more negative. The study also revealed that differences of the entrapment efficiency and drug loading among the three types of nano-liposomes were not significant. In vitro drug release test demonstrated that nano-liposomes had a better controlled release. To conclude, by using dextran gel in the preparation of nano-liposome loaded with ginkgolide, the particle size could be effectively controlled and the drug stability could be improved.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.304-308
• /
• 1993

A platelet activating factor(PAF) antagonist ginkgolides produced from Ginkgo biloba are well known for their potential usage in septic shock and other PAF related diseases. Even though they are extracted from the leaves and on occasion the root bark, the exact biosynthetic site and pathway have not proved yet. In order to locate the enzymes involved and elucidate the biosynthetic site of the compounds, embryo-derived aseptic intact plantlet and plantlet without root have been cultured on 0.3% active carbon-containing solid Murashige and Skoog's medium. The leaves from the six-week-old normal plantlet contained similar amount of ginkgolide B to that of outdoor plant leaves, while the plantlets without root had less than 30% of the ginkgolide B compared to the in vitro intact plantlets. The results suggest that the ginkgolides may be synthesized in the root and transported to the aerial part.

• 혜화의학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2009

This study analyzed the contents of the research papers of Complementary Medicine concerning the inhalation drug for asthma published in Pubmed during lately 10 years. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn. 1. There were 5 papers concerning 2 review articles, 2 experimental studies and 1 clinical study. 2. Interventions of research papers are glutathione, microorganism fermentation extract (EM-X), ginkgolide and compound Chinese herbal monomer recipe (ligustrazin, baicalin, ginkgolide). 3. There is no controlled study for effect of inhaled glutathione, on the contrary it induced bronchial constriction in sulfites sensitive asthmatics. 4. Inhalation of EM-X reduced airway hyper-reactivity and level of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in OVA challenged asthmatic mice. 5. Ginkgolide nebulized inhalation reduced symptomatic scorings and eosinophil cationic protein, improved FEV1 and PEF. 6. Compound Chinese herbal monomer (CHM) recipe reduced blood eosinophil count, eosinophil count and total cell cound in BALF, depressed airway hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation.