• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.305-322
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• 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial light sources on the germination and seedling vigor of lettuce, aiming to identify the optimal artificial light source for producing high-quality seedlings. Lettuce cultivar of 'Tomalin' and 'Seonpunggold' exhibited the highest seed emergence in the Metal halide(MH) lamp and High-pressure sodium(HPS) lamp treatment group, while the emergence rate parameter, T50, was the fastest in the HPS lamp treatment group. Both cultivars showed good growth characteristics such as number of leaves, root length, and stem diameter under RGB-LED, and their seedling vigor was excellent as well. The plant height was smallest in the Red + Green + Blue LED treatment, but the leaves were round and thick, resulting in higher biomass and dry weight. Single light sources of Red LED and Blue LED led to reduced growth compared with that under the mixed light treatments. Chlorophyll content in lettuce varied with the type of artificial light, with both cultivars exhibiting the highest chlorophyll content in the Red + Green + Blue LED treatment. The most suitable artificial light for lettuce seedling growth was the Red + Green + Blue LED treatment.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1994

Eight varieties of soybeans grown in Korea were investigated to compare chemical composition, protein dispersibility index (PDI) and some properties of soybean sprouts and tofu. The range of protein contents was $37.80{\sim}40.43%$ where the Kyungdong 3 was the highest and Suwon 157 was the lowest, while the Bokwang was the lowest in lipid contents. The range of PDI was $71.6{\sim}95.3%$ where the Kyungdong 3 was the highest and Suwon 162 was the lowest. The Kyungdong 3, Suwon 160 and Suwon 162 were significantly fast in growth rate of soybean sprout roots and the 100% of germination. The Kyungdong 3 was the highest in tofu yield and Suwon 146 was the highest in hardness. The organoleptic properties of tofu showed that $L{\times}2.3$ and Suwon 162 was relatively high in cooked beany odor, while the Suwon 146 were the highest in elasticity and hardness. Even though Kyungdong 3 was found as the best for tofu and soybean sprouts processing, the black color of seed coat affected negatively on tofu color.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1982

A comparison was made for growth and yield of two rowed and six rowed barley varieties to differentiate their fundamental characteris in relation with brewing quality. Heading and maturing time of two rowed barley varieties were similar to those of six rowed covered but were earlier than those of six rowed naked ones. Most of two rowed varieties were spring barley and low temperature susceptible, but they were relatively photoinsensitive compared to six rowed varieties. Eventhough malting barley has heavier stands and grains, they were quite similar in yielding ability with six rowed cultivars with decreased number of grains per spike. In quality characters, malting barley has better germination energy and rate, lower protein content than the common six rowed barley and decisively better for brewing that six rowed barley with higher malt yield, extract yield and quality and enzyme activity. In comparison of malting barley varieties produced in Korea and Japan indicated that those varieties produced in Japan were better in germination characters, extract yield and quality, Kolback index and enzyme activity than those produced in Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2003

Germplasms and breeding lines of malting barley at National Yeongnam Agricultural Experiment Station (NYAES) were evaluated for malting barley quality improvement. Among the numerous malting barley quality parameters, the mean of protein content was 12.3% between 10.7% to 14.0% and range of the $\beta$-glucan content was from 3.5% to 5.8%, the mean was 4.6 percent. The length of acrospire, non-germination rate, friability, the speed of filtration, extract yield, kolbach index, diastatic power were significantly different between the individual varieties, however the other traits were not significantly different. The results of correlation analysis among 15 quality parameters showed significant positive correlation between crude protein content and malt protein content. However, other quality parameters such as sugar content, fiablity, extract yield, and kolbach index had negative correlation with crude protein content. Therefore, crude protein content could be one of the major factors that deteriorate quality. The varieties of Viva, Nishino-chikara, Kinukei 9, Kinukei 12, Sacheon 6 and Jinyangbori that showed over the 80% in extract yield and the higher diastatic power, will be used by crossing parents for improve the quality of malting barley.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the humificating grade according to experiment of physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity during composting of using with pig manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with pig manure(P), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(PCS-I), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(PCS-II) and 5 : 4 : 1(PCS-III) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting were rapidly increased more than $68^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased within $39^{\circ}C$ at 60 days the after treatment. pH was slowly increased from 7.5 to 7.7, and the C/N ratio was 13~14 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value in this compost was caused by the castor meal contented high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7 %). G.I.(germination index) was showed 73 to 78 range in all treatments at the $60^{th}$ day. Among all treatments PCS-I was appeared to be the best condition for composting.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2000

This study was to investigate antioxidative activity of rice grain using 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method and germination ability for screening rice varieties with high antioxidative activities on korean native and foreign rice varieties harvested in 1998 and 1999. The average antioxidative activity of foreign rice varieties (DPPH 63.5% and TBA 55.2%) was significantly higher than that of native rice varieties (DPPH 47.2% and TBA 45.6%) on varieties harvested in 1999. The promptness index (PI) of native rice varieties was higher in stored rices for three months (mean PI=160.7) than that of stored rices for a year (mean PI=141.6). On the other hand, the PI of foreign rice varieties was higher in stored rices stored for a year (mean PI=176.7) than that of stored rices for three months (mean PI=157.5). Varieties with high redness of hulled rice (a-value) showed significant lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity to DPPH in a stored rices for a year (r=${0.5744}^**$) and stored rices for three months (r=${0.5630}^**$) . These results indicate that the pigments of hulled rice varieties may play important antioxidative roles and colored rice varieties with higher antioxidative potentials can be developed and also may provide information with rice breeder to breed rice variety with a high antioxidative activity for a rapid screening of a small amounts of a large number of samples using color value.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.897-905
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• 2019

To compare the composting characteristics of food waste supplemented with various bulking agents, aerated composting was performed by mixing sawdust, ginkgo leaves, insect feces, and mushroom waste at ratios of 6 : 4 (w/w). The initial temperatures (day after treatment [DAT] 3) of the sawdust, ginkgo leaves, insect feces and the mushroom waste mixtures were 39, 58, 65, and 51℃, respectively. The DAT 3 temperature was the highest in the food waste-insect feces mixture (65℃) and the lowest in the sawdust one (39℃). However, the insect feces treatment was terminated at DAT 21 because of a high water content (70.92%). The water content (DAT 56) of the composted food waste supplemented with sawdust, mushroom waste, and ginkgo leaves stood at 51.28, 39.81, and 44.92%, respectively. Therefore, the fully mature composts satisfied the water content requirement of less than 55% as recommended in the fertilizer standards of the RDA of Korea. The results of the CoMMe-101, Solvita and seed germination index methods indicate that the mushroom waste and ginkgo leaves treatments matured relatively quicker than that of the sawdust one. Based on the above observations, it is concluded that the mushroom waste and ginkgo leaves are more effective bulking agents compared to sawdust and as such, are recommended as suitable replacements for sawdust in food waste composting.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2020

Eggs are likely to be used in agriculture because they can provide enough nutrients for crop growth. Statistics show that a large number of eggs are lost due to breakage before reaching the final consumer. The purpose of this study was to make a natural liquid fertilizer as a substitute for chemical fertilizers using broken eggs as a resource and to evaluate the efficiency of the formulated fertilizer. To make the liquid fertilizer, the broken eggs and distilled water were mixed at ratios of 6 : 4 and 4 : 6. Then, effective micro-organisms (EM) and sugar were added, and the mixture was fermented. The temperature and electrical conductivity (EC) increased gradually with the fermentation while the pH decreased. When evaluated following the seed germination index method of the compost, it was found that the fertilizer matured 10 days after the beginning of the experiment. The growth experiment was conducted with lettuce in which the fermented liquid fertilizer was compared with a commercial liquid fertilizer. The 6 : 4 treatment produced plants with the densest fresh shoot and roots weighing 41.6 and 4.6 g, respectively. The number of leaves (12.3 per plant) was also the highest for the 6 : 4 treatment. Soil analysis showed that the soil pH was improved, and the soil organic matter was increased in the fermented liquid fertilizer treatment.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1986

Forty-nine malting barley varieties were tested at 3 and 8 weeks after harvest, stored in natural glasshouse so as to investigate varietal variation of germinative energy(GE), capacity(GC) and water sensitivity(WS). The differences among GE, GC, promptness index(PI), and WS on paper at two moisture levels (4$m\ell$ and 8$m\ell$ tests) were great at 3 weeks after harvest, but small at 8 weeks after harvest. Excess water depressed the germination of dormant grains. The GE of whole varieties were excellent, but WS of only two varieties, CI 12062 and CI 15631 were bad at 8 weeks after harvest. So in the case of broad germplasm to be used for crossing materials, it is suggested that WS will be tested to screen good quality malting lines. WS was highly significantly correlated with GE, GC, and PI of 8 ml test, but was not with three factors of 4 $m\ell$ test. GE and WS were various with storage period, varieties and grain plumpness, indicated that breeding good grain-filling varieties and improving production practice for good grain-filling would be studied in the future.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1999

The experiment was conducted to investigate emergence response of lowland weeds at different soil moisture contents, burying depths and upon changes in soil moisture. Rice germination was over 50% at all burying depths under aerobic condition, but the emergence rate of the soil surface placed seeds in saturated and flooded conditions decreased by 19% and 29%, respectively, as compared with that of aerobic condition. Rice seeds at burying depth of over 3 cm did not emerge at all. The emergence rate of Echinochloa crus­galli (L.) Beauv. in aerobic condition was lower than 30%, but the emergence pattern of E. crus galli (L.) Beauv. at different soil moisture contents and seeding depths was similar to that of rice. Emergence behavior of lschaemum rugosum Salisb., Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven and Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. which are dominant lowland weed species in the Philippines also differed depending on soil moisture conditions and burying depths. lschaemum rugosum Salisb. emerged at all burying depths under aerobic condition, whereasLudwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven emerged only at 0 cm deep under saturated and aerobic condition and Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. at 0 cm deep under flooding condition. Weed seeds planted at 1, 3, and 5 cm deep in continuous flooded and saturated condition did not emerge at all, but upon a change of soil moisture condition from saturated to drainage (S$\rightarrow$D) and flooded to drainage (F$\rightarrow$D), grass weeds began to germinate again and the average emergence rate in S$\rightarrow$D and F$\rightarrow$D were 26% and 5% forE. crus­galIi (L.) Beauv., 9% and 8% forI. rugosum SaIisb., respectively. Weed seeds buried in soil in the pot showed great emergence at S$\rightarrow$D but did not emerge under continuous flooded condition. The diversity index accounting for dominance degree and occurrence aspect of weed, was the lowest at F$\rightarrow$D.