• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 1998

A rapid and accurate determination method of ultra-trace amounts of germanium in spring water by ICP-MS has been developed. Mass number 74 was not only the best mass but also the smallest mass interference. Only 30% of water samples contain germanium more than $0.1{\mu}g/L$, and a few of them has organogermanium species.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.375-380
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• 2013

Ammonium biflouride ($NH_4HF_2$) digestion was studied for germanium analysis in rock and sediment by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). QLO-1 and SDO-1 are used for reference materials from USGS. Sediment, basalt and ball clay for GeoPT were chosen as real samples. The loss of germanium in open vessel digestion was well known which can be caused by easy transformation to volatile compounds. But ammonium bifluoride digestion could suppress loss of germanium in open vessel digestion. Germanium recovery was not influenced by hydrogen peroxide with ammonium bifluoride digestion. Furthermore, the new method was simple and rapid in germanium analysis by ICP/MS. MDL(method detection limit) was 0.015 ${\mu}g/g$ and germanium recovery was 106~128%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2021

The study was conducted to identify the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects in sprouts of mouse-eyed bean (Rhynchosia nulubilis), ginseng (Panax ginseng), perilla (Perilla frutescens), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown with organic germanium concentrate. Western blot analysis was performed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. All extracts exhibited noticeable anti-oxidant activity, indicating a significant correlation between the germanium content and anti-oxidant activity (p<0.05). In particular, rat-eyed bean sprouts with the highest germanium content showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.05) by significantly inhibiting the expression of the inflammatory complexes, NLRP3, cytokines IL-1β and caspase-1. Ginseng and broccoli sprouts showed strong anti-cancer properties and had high anti-oxidant effects (p<0.001). Germanium-concentrated water allows the mass production of agricultural products containing high concentrations of organic germanium. Agricultural produce grown with germanium concentrate add organic germanium to various physiological active ingredients, increasing the anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects. These results strongly suggest that agricultural products containing high germanium concentrations can be used as novel health supplements to improve health.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 1996

Analytical method for the determination of trace germanium in inorganic matrices by differential pulse polarography(DPP) was studied. The reduction peak of germanium(IV) in perchloric acid solution containing 1, 2, 3-trihydroxy benzene appeared at -0.45V(vs. Ag/AgCl) and the peak current for germanium complex varied linearly with concentration variation. Factors affecting sensitivity and precision for germanium quantification were studied and detection limit under the investigated parameters was 1ng/ml. Inorganic samples were decomposed by fusion with potassium pyrosulfate. Serious interferences of Se(IV), Pb(II), As(III) for the determination of germanium were discussed. Interferences of these elements could be avoided by extraction of germanium from decomposed matrices by $CCl_4$ in 10M HCl solution. The germanium contents of inorganic samples(Pb bf. dust, Cu bf. dust, gneiss, Cu anode slime) were determined by the above method.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2001

The present work is aimed to evaluate the conditions of the hydride generation (HG) for germanium analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-atomic emission spectrometry (AES). Twelve different kinds of acids were used such as phosphoric, hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric, perchloric, boric, tartaric, malic, oxalic, tannic, citric, and acetic acid. It was found that phosphoric acid yielded the maximum efficiency of hydride generation. Also, efficient hydride generation was obtined with the buffer solutions containing phosphate ions over a wide range of pH. In addition, in the presence of phosphoric acid the interference caused by metals was suppressed in the hydride generation of germanium. As the concentrations of a reducing agent and a stabilizing increased the hydride generation efficiency and the acid concentration proviaing the maximum intensity were increased. By using an analytical method developed in this study, the contents of germanium in water and rock samples were determined. The detection limit of germanium in the presence of phosphoric acid was $0.03{\mu}g/L$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.476-480
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• 2004

A simple, rapid, reproducible and selective UV-Visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of germanium in a week acid medium (pH = 3.0) in the presence of mandelic acid (MA) and malachite green (MG). A single extraction in chlorobenzene was used for the analysis. The germanium-MA ion association complex exhibits an absorption maximum at ${\lambda}_{max}=618nm$ with MG as counter ion and has an apparent molar absorptivtity of $1.313{\times}10^5L\;mol^{-1}\;cm^{-1}$. The values obtained by this UV-Visible spectrophotometric method are in good agreement with the values from inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer analysis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2005

To investigate the germanium content in paddy soil in Gyeongnam province, 310 paddy soil samples were collected at 19 areas in Gyeongnam, Ulsan and Busan. Contents of germanium in paddy soils were analyzed in different topographies, soil types and soil textures. Average content of germanium in Gyeongnam was 0.24 mr/kg, those of Masan, Jinju and Hadong were above 0.30 mg/kg. Germanium content with different topographies were no difference. Germanium contents in different soil types were 0.27 mg/kg in well adapted soil and 0.23 mg/kg in poorly drained soil. Germanium contents in different soil textures were 0.27 mg/kg in silt loam and 0.23 mg/kg in sandy loam. To determine germanium content on agricultural product in the field, content of germanium in cereals, vegetables and fruits were analyzed. Germanium content of agricultural product was high in the order of cereals>vegetables>fruits. In case of vegetables, germanium contents were high in the order of leaf vegetables>root vegetables>fruit vegetables. Germanium contents were high with 62 and $65{\mu}g/kg$ in lettuce and young radish, respectively. To analyze the germanium content in medicinal plant, samples were collected from 19 medicinal plants at Hamyang areas. Germanium contents in Angelica keiskei, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Panax ginseng and Atractylodes macrocephala were relatively high with $100{\mu}g/kg$ above.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.382-387
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to identify binding properties of germanium (Ge) in Germanium-fortified Yeast using optimum manufacturing process. The ratio of yeast cell and germanium solution was 1 : 0.5 (50%), and pH 6.5, $35^{\circ}C$ and 20 h during fermentation, and Germanium-fortified Yeast produced. In results of the XRD, NMR and FT-IR analysis, it was different adding inorganic Ge $(GeO_2)$ during fermentation process from transformed into germanium in Germanium-fortified Yeast. And germanium concentration was not shown any difference before and after in the dialysis test with SGF (simulated gastric fluids). Therefore, Germanium-fortified Yeast of Geranti made by using biosynthetic technology was considered that transformed into organic properties during fermentation process. And, this result showed that Germanium-fortified Yeast was not dissociated under SGF (simulated gastric fluids) condition because of its structural binding safety. Thus, Germanium-fortified Yeast was transformed into organic germanium during biosynthetic cultivation. It is expected that this Germanium-fortified Yeast can be applied as a new dietary functional materials for cellular immunity, recovery of injured cells and immune system, and possible anticancer activities by activation immune cells like macrophage.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary germanium supplementation on the meat quality of duck. Ducks raised for 42 days were slaughtered and the ground meats were stored at 3$^{\circ}C$ for 12 days under 1200 lux. Experimental treatments were divided into 3 kinds of meat from ducks fed germanium as follows; 1) Control(natural water + commercial feed), 2) T1(1～10 days: natural water + commercial feed, 11-42 days: natural water + commercial feed supplemented with 1 % germanium), 3) T2(1～10 days: germanium submersion water + commercial feed, 11～42 days: natural water + commercial feed supplemented with 1 % germanium). The pH of duck meat was not different among the treatments(p>0.05). The germanium treatments exhibited significantly higher crude fat content in both breast and thigh meat(p<0.05). In the fatty acid composition, T2 contained more unsaturated fatty acid than control or Tl. TPA(textural profile analysis) value such as hardness, gumminess, chewiness and adhesiveness decreased in meat from duck fed supplemental germanium. Cholesterol contents of duck meat decreased in dietary supplemental germanium treatment compared to control, but were not significantly different among them(p>0.05). Dietary germanium supplementation affected on lipid oxidation of meat during storage. TBARS of meat from duck fed germanium was lower than that of control(po.05). The CIE L*, b* and h$\^$0/ values of germanium treatments were significantly(p.o5) higher than those of control. Also a* value showed more stable in germanium diet treatment during storage. Therefore, dietary supplemental germanium to duck resulted in light brownish color formation, improvement tenderness and retardation of lipid oxidation of meat during refrigerated storage.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2011

In this study, for development of functional sprouts, we have investigated the change of antioxidant activity and quantity of vitamin C, germanium and selenium according to the addition of vitamin C, germanium oxide and selenium oxide on the during cultivation of various sprouts. We were cultivated the sprouts using water solution added vitamin C, germanium oxide and selenium oxide on the system of cultivation instrument. Analysis of quantity of vitamin C on control group and treatment group were conducted by HPLC. Quantity of germanium and selenium were analyzed by ICP-MS(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer), and antioxidant activities were checked by DPPH method. As a result, quantity of vitamin C, germanium and selenium on the treatment groups have increased tendency compared to the control group. And antioxidant activity of treatment groups showed increasing tendency compared to the control group.