• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.24-37
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• 2003

Sasang Constitutional Medicine, which argues that physiology, pathology, diagnosis, medical cure depend on individual's constitution, is different from a previous traditional oriental medicine. Recently the idea of fitted medicine, made by concepts based on genome project, is similar to constitution of Sasang Constitutional Medine in that both of them take the individual difference Into consideration. Sasang Constitutional Medicine is able to contribute to explanation of function of genes, because the same food acts differently on individual's constitution in Sasang Constitutional Medicine In 'Dongmu Yugo Yaksungga(동무유고 약성가)' it is said that A lotus, adlay, ginko nut, chest nut open stomach-Qi of Taeumin, help to digest, and give a better appetite. But this is different from the explanations of a previous traditional oriental medicine. All of them help to digest of Taeumin, but a adlay, ginko nut, chest nut distinguishing clearness-unclearness(淸濁) and spouting unclearness(濁)-Qi, has commonness of promoting digestion. But in the early days, a ginko nut is thought to be helpful to digest, the latter days, it is used for Mahwangjungchuntang which cures breast-stomachache(胸腹痛)and asthma(喘氣 哮喘病); It shows the change of recognition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.19-20
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• 2003

Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka and Resellinia necatrix Prillieux cause violet root rot and white root rot of various crops, respectively. Intensive cultural practices, such as the use of dwarf stock, glasshouse cultivation, etc., predispose plants to the diseases. The diseases can be controlled only by biennial drench of 50100L of chemicals for each tree. Biocontrol with soil microorganisms proved ineffective under field conditions. Long-term control may be hampered by the perennial growth of hosts and by the difficulty in the establishment of antagonists in soil. Crop rotation or soil amendment is not applicable, either. Fungal viruses with dsRNA genome (Buck 1986) are promising against root diseases of fruit trees since they exist within the cytoplasm of fungal hyphae and need no effort to help them persist in the field. The viruses are considered to spread though the network of fungal mycelia in the soil once they enter the fungal cytoplasm. Here, we present preliminary results from a project to control the root diseases of fruit trees with dsRNA.(중략)

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2014

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been emerging out of the efforts to research human diseases and ethnic disparities. A semantic network is needed for in-depth understanding of the impacts of SNPs, because phenotypes are modulated by complex networks, including biochemical and physiological pathways. We identified ethnicity-specific SNPs by eliminating overlapped SNPs from HapMap samples, and the ethnicity-specific SNPs were mapped to the UCSC RefGene lists. Ethnicity-specific genes were identified as follows: 22 genes in the USA (CEU) individuals, 25 genes in the Japanese (JPT) individuals, and 332 genes in the African (YRI) individuals. To analyze the biologically functional implications for ethnicity-specific SNPs, we focused on constructing a semantic network model. Entities for the network represented by "Gene," "Pathway," "Disease," "Chemical," "Drug," "ClinicalTrials," "SNP," and relationships between entity-entity were obtained through curation. Our semantic modeling for ethnicity-specific SNPs showed interesting results in the three categories, including three diseases ("AIDS-associated nephropathy," "Hypertension," and "Pelvic infection"), one drug ("Methylphenidate"), and five pathways ("Hemostasis," "Systemic lupus erythematosus," "Prostate cancer," "Hepatitis C virus," and "Rheumatoid arthritis"). We found ethnicity-specific genes using the semantic modeling, and the majority of our findings was consistent with the previous studies - that an understanding of genetic variability explained ethnicity-specific disparities.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.188-193
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• 2007

The Functional Element SNPs Database (FESD) categorizes functional elements in human genic regions and provides a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within each area. Users may select a set of SNPs in specific functional elements with haplotype information and obtain flanking sequences for genotyping. Our previous version of FESD has been improved in several ways. We regenerated all the data in FESD II from recently updated source data such as HapMap, UCSC GoldenPath, dbSNP, OMIM, and $TRANSFAC^{(R)}$. Users can obtain information about tagSNPs and simulate LD blocks for each gene from four ethnicities in the HapMap project on the fly. FESD II employs a Java/JSP web interface for better platform portability and higher speed than PHP in the previous version. As a result, FESD II provides its users with more powerful information about functional element SNPs of human ethnicities.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

The application of the knowledge from the Human Genome Project to clinical medicine will be through both industrial drug development and the application of pharmacogenomics (PG) to patient care. The slow uptake of clinical innovations into clinical practice can be frustrating, but understanding the history of acceptance and sustaining medical innovation is critically important to position PG to succeed. This primarily means that PG tests must have legitimacy; they must be thoroughly validated, must be cost-effective, must be widely accepted by medical practitioners, must be supported by public policy, and must have a way of being easily incorporated into current medical practice. They must also lead to actionalble decisions by health care providers for their patients. Innovative PG assays should be tested in the best US laboratories, and reimbursement for testing must be accepted at the federal and state level. The companies providing these PG tests should be capable of sup-porting the interpretation and use of the test throughout medical practice. Advances such as the addition of PG information to drug labeling and the routine use of validated biomarkers to determine choice of cancer chemotherapy have been made. The PG research community must pay attention to the principles that have been previously described for acceptance and sustaining medical innovations in order for PG to be widely accepted in clinical medical practice.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1999

Today, toxicology is used for many purpose, in many fields. Classification of special toxic effect is related next 4 important principles. 1. The chemical substance must move to target organ or tissue that can induce Biological effect. For this movement, we have to understand the physical-chemical characteristic of substance, and the rout of absorption, metabolism, diffusion and excretion of toxic substance. 2. Every biological effect that induced by chemical substance is not harmful. For example, some specific chemical substance is not harmful in liver enzyme system. 3. The strength of biological effect induced by chemical substance is deep related with dose. Nearly all substance is not effective below the specific dose, and it may toxic to death over the specific dose. It is the 'Dose - response relationship' But carcinogen may toxic whether it is law dose or not. 4. The information that was obtained by experimental animal test, could have to adapt in human biology. Because biological effect of chemical substance could be different in every biological species. In past, drugs was obtained by animal or plants. But in the future, it could be obtained by biochemistry, and genome project. Therefore, in Oriental medicine, research and approach is needed at this time, and have to develop new method of experience in toxic method.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2004

The union of information-technology and biology presents great possibilities to both applications of bio-information and development of science and technology. Also, meaningful analysis of bio-information brings about a new innovation in the field of bio-market with the advent and growth of bioinformatics. Hence, bioinformatics is the most import aspect for establishing a science-technology-oriented society in the $21^{st}$ century. This article provides trends in current state of bioinformatics. Technological development of bioinformatics for the rapid growth of bio-industry means that using bioinformatics, a biologist can process and store enormous amount of data such as current Human Genome Project and future data in the field of biology. We have manly looked at the tends of bio-information, databases and mining tools that are generally used, and strategies and directions for the future.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.429-438
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• 2003

This study exploits the robot system which is necessary in gene study and bio-technology industry. As well, a DNA chip, which of use has been increased recently, can be manufactured with this system. The robot consists of a device spotting DNA on the silylated slide, a well plate, a bed for fixing well plates, devices of washing and drying the pin in DNA spotting .device, a distillation-water vessel, and a discharge vessel of wash water. We made the period of sticking DNA to the pin on the well plate to be 15 seconds. The spot size of DNA was set to be 0.28 mm on the average by bringing the slide into contact with pin during 1 second. If DNA is spotted in minimum space possible about 0.32mm, this system can stick about 8,100 DNA spots on the well plate with this rate. Analyzing the procedure: Movement starts, Pin washes, dries, and smears DNA on the well plate. Spotting DNA onto 12 chips took 2 minutes and 50 seconds.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2005

Purpose: With post-Genome Project, nurses must be able to incorporate genetic knowledge into their practice. The purpose of the present study aimed at providing the basic information needed to establish an education program for the training of nurses specialized in genetic counseling by comparing and analyzing the education contents in genetics of the various domestic and foreign nursing education institutions, identifying the problems of the existing programs, and investigating the current state of domestic genetic counseling programs. Result: The results of literature review were summarized as follows: Common curricula contents in Korea, Japan and U.S.A. were basic genetic knowledge, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. However, In Korea the curriculum was not included legal, ethical, and social issues. In U.S.A. the course was focused on health promotion related to genetics. The expanded role of nurses is to provide the genetic counseling for clients and their families. So, this articles provided a sample of the new genetic counseling program for nurses which are included basic genetics, genetic counseling, nurse's role and knowledge, legal, ethical, social issues and practicum. Conclusion: this study suggests that this educational program is to brought up genetic specialized nurses in the master's course in the near future.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.615-625
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• 2008

Over a last decade, intense interest has been focused on biomarker discovery and their clinical uses. This interest is accelerated by the completion of human genome project and the progress of techniques in proteomics. Especially, cancer biomarker discovery is eminent in this field due to its anticipated critical role in early diagnosis, therapy guidance, and prognosis monitoring of cancers. Among cancers, lung cancer, one of the top three major cancers, is the one showing the highest mortality because of failure in early diagnosis. Numerous potential DNA biomarkers such as hypermethylations of the promoters and mutations in K-ras, p53, and protein biomarkers; carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CYFRA21-1, plasma kallikrein B1 (KLKB1), Neuron-specific enolase, etc. have been discovered as lung cancer biomarkers. Despite extensive studies thus far, few are turned out to be useful in clinic. Even those used in clinic do not show enough sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility for general use. This review describes what the cancer biomarkers are for, various types of lung cancer biomarkers discovered at present and predicted future advance in lung cancer biomarker discovery with proteomics technology.