• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.554-562
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• 2006

Two lines of mice, M16 selected for rapid growth and a randomly selected control ICR as well as their reciprocal crosses were used to study the effects of genotype on whole-body energetics and intestinal responses to monensin. Six mice, eight weeks of age, from each line or reciprocal cross were assigned to one of two treatments, 1) drinking water containing 20 mmol/L monensin dissolved in 0.5% V/V ethanol, and 2) drinking water containing 0.5% V/V ethanol (control) for two weeks. After 11 days (age of 9 weeks and 4 days), whole-body $O_2$ consumption was measured. At the end of two weeks, jejunal $O_2$ consumption, intestinal tissue composition and histomorphometrics as well as the rate and efficiency of glucose absorption were estimated. In comparison with the control, monensin administration in drinking water resulted in less daily water intake (13.4 vs. 15.5 ml/mouse, p<0.01), less protein to DNA ratio of jejunal mucosa (5.41 vs. 6.01 mg/mg, p<0.05), lower villus width (88 vs. $100{\mu}m$, p<0.05), and less jejunal tissue $O_2$ consumption enhancement by alcohol (7.2 vs. 10.5%, p<0.01) in mice. Other than those changes, monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on variables measured in either line of mice or their reciprocal cross. In contrast, the M16 line, selected for rapid growth, as compared to the ICR controls or the reciprocal crosses, had less initial (pre-monensin treatment) whole-body $O_2$ consumption per gram of body weight (1.68 vs. $2.11-2.34{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}g$ BW, p<0.01) as compared to the ICR and reciprocal crosses. In addition, the M16 mice exhibited greater growth (412 vs. 137-210 mg/d, p<0.05), better feed efficiency (41.7 vs. 19.9-29.3 mg gain/g feed, p<0.05), shorter small intestines adjusted for fasted body weight (1.00 vs. 1.22-1.44 cm/g FBW, p<0.05), wider villi (109 vs. $87-93{\mu}m$, p<0.05), more mature height of enterocytes (28.8 vs. $24.4-25.1{\mu}m$, p<0.05) and a lower rate (91 vs. $133-145{\eta}mol\;glucose/min{\cdot}g$ jejunum, p<0.05) and less energetic efficiency (95 vs. $59-72{\eta}mol$ ATP expended/${\eta}mol$ glucose uptake, p<0.05) of glucose absorption compared to the ICR line and the reciprocal cross. Monensin had little (p>0.05) effect on whole-body $O_2$ consumption and jejunal function, whilst selection for rapid growth resulted in an apparent down-regulation of intestinal function. These data suggest that genetic selection for increased growth does not result in concomitant changes in intestinal function. This asynchrony in the selection for production traits and intestinal function may hinder full phenotypic expression of genotypic growth potential.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권spc1호
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• pp.25-45
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• 1996

Soyfoods have potential roles in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, most notably cancer, osteoporosis, and heart disease. There is evidence that carcinogenesis are supressed by isolated soybean derived products in vivo such as a protease inhibitor, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones. It is believed that supplementation of human diets with soybean products markedly reduces human cancer mortality rates. Especially, recent papers recognize the potential benefit of soybean isoflavone components for reducing the risk of various cancers. Isoflavones exhibit a multitude of medicinal effects that influence cell growth and regulation, which may have potential value in the prevention and treatment of cancer. In addition to potential biological effects, soybean isoflavones have the important physiological functions such as the induction of Bradyrizobium japonicum nod genes and the responses of soybean tissues to infection by Phytophthora megasperma as well as biochemical activities such as antifungal and antibacterial actions. Genistin, daidzin, glycitin and their aglycone (genistein, daidzein, glycitein) are the principal isoflavones found in soybean. Malonyl and acetyl forms have also been detected but they are thermally unstable and are usually transformed during the processing in glucoside form. Most soy products, with the exception of soy sauce, alcohol-extracted soy protein concentrate, and soy protein isolate, have total isoflavone concentrations similar to those in the whole soybean. Soybean-containing diets inhibit mammary tumorigenesis in animal models of breast cancer, therefore, it is possible that dietary isoflavones are an important factor accounting for the lower incidence and mortality from breast cancer. Of the total soybean seed isoflavones, $80\~90\%$ were located in cotyledons, with the remainder in the hypocotyls. The hypocotyls had a higher concentrations of isoflavones on a weight basis compared with cotyledons. Isoflavone contents were influenced by genetics, crop years, and growth locations. The effect of crop year had a greater impact on the isoflavone contents than that of location. The climate condition might be the attribution factor to variation in isoflavone contents. Also, while the isoflavone content of cotyledons exhibited large variations in response to high temperature during seed development, hypocotyls showed high concentration in isoflavone content. So, it is concluded that one of the factors affecting isoflavone content in soybean seeds is temperature during seed development. High temperature, especially in maturity stage, causes lower isoflavone content in soybean seed. It is also suggested that there may exist a different mechanism to maintain isoflavone contents between cotyledon and seed hypocotyls. In a conclusion, soy foods may be able to have a significant beneficial impact on public health.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2003

무지개 송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 신장조직의 유전자 발현 현황을 조사하기 위하여 무지개송어 신장 cDNA library로부터 102개의 ESTs를 조사하였다. 102개의 ESTs 중 57개의 clones 이 NCBI blast 염기서열 검색을 통해 이미 기능이 밝혀진 다른 유전자와의 유사성을 보였고, 그 결과 총 37개의 singleton으로 분류되었다. 나머지 45개의 ESTs는 기존의 밝혀진 유전자와 염기서열 유사성이 전혀 없었고, 상호 염기서열간의 유사성을 통해 40개의 유전자로 밝혀졌다. 또한, 신장조직의 유전자 구성을 기능별로 살펴보기 위하여 기능이 밝혀진 57개의 ESTs를 7개의 functional categories로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 신장조직의 구조에 관여하는 유전자가 14.5%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 유전자 전이/전사에 관여하는 유전자가 11.6%로 판명되었다. 그리고 이들 77개의 유전자를 이용하여 연령에 따른 유전자 발현을 조사하기 위하여 microarray 실험을 하였다. 3개의 replicate를 이용하여 p-value <0.05를 갖는 유전자중 1.5배 이상만 down- 또는 up-regulation되는 유전자만을 조사하였다. 이들 중 2년산 무지개 송어 신장에서 1.5배 이상 감소되는 유전자는 mitochondrion, cytochrome b, rho G, spastin protein, RTK 17, RTK 18과 RTK 60이었다. 반면에 2년산 무지개 송어 신장에 서 1.5배 이상 증가되는 유전자는 calponinl, calcium binding protein, histone deacetyulase 1과 RTK 9 유전자가 유의성 있게 차이가 났다. 이상의 결과, 유전자 발현조사 및 microarray 연구가 무지개송어의 genetic improvemen떼 크게 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사하였다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.88-98
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• 2012

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an essential role in the regulation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and triglyceride levels, which have been closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. Genetic studies in European have shown that LPL single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are strongly associated with lipid levels. However, studies about the influence of interactions between LPL SNPs and lifestyle factors have not been sufficiently performed. Here, we examine if LPL polymorphisms, as well as their interaction with lifestyle factors, influence lipid concentrations in a Korean population. A two-stage association study was performed using genotype data for SNPs on the LPL gene, including the 3' flanking region from 7,536 (stage 1) and 3,703 (stage 2) individuals. The association study showed that 15 SNPs and 4 haplotypes were strongly associated with HDLC (lowest $p=2.86{\times}10^{-22}$) and triglyceride levels (lowest $p=3.0{\times}10^{-15}$). Interactions between LPL polymorphisms and lifestyle factors (lowest $p=9.6{\times}10^{-4}$) were also observed on lipid concentrations. These findings suggest that there are interaction effects of LPL polymorphisms with lifestyle variables, including energy intake, fat intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption, as well as effects of LPL polymorphisms themselves, on lipid concentrations in a Korean population.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2010

The Fas (TNF receptor superfamily, member 6) (FAS)/FAS ligand (FASLG) interaction plays a central role in the regulation of programmed cell death. FAS and FASLG polymorphisms in promoter regions affect transcriptional activities. To investigate whether FAS and FASLG polymorphisms are associated with the development and clinical phenotypes of stroke, 2 promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FAS (rs1800682, -670C/T) and FASLG (rs763110, -844C/T) were selected and genotyped by direct sequencing in 220 stroke patients [107 ischemic stroke (IS), 77 intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 36 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)] and 369 control subjects. For the analysis of clinical symptoms, all stroke patients were divided into 3 clinical phenotypes according to the respective results of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Survey (NIHSS) and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) and the presence or absence of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The SNPStats, SNPAnalyzer, and Helixtree programs were used to analyze the genetic data. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant, dominant, and recessive) were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. The promoter SNP rs1800682 was associated with stroke in the codominant (OR=0.48, 95% CI=0.25-0.94, p=0.04) and dominant models (OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.30-0.87, p=0.011). However, a FASLG SNP (rs763110) was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05). In the analysis of stroke types, rs1800682 was associated with IS in the codominant (OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.12-0.74, p=0.025), dominant (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.23-0.88, p=0.018), and recessive models (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.21-0.99, p=0.042). The genotype frequencies of rs1800682 were different between ICH and controls in the dominant model (OR=0.49, 95% CI=0.26-0.94, p=0.031) but not between SAH and controls. In the analysis of clinical symptoms, however, rs1800682 was not related to the 3 clinical phenotypes (NIHSS, MBI, and CRPS). These results suggest that a promoter SNP (rs1800682, -670C/T) in FAS may be associated with the development of stroke in the Korean population.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2007

Dlx3 is a homeodomain protein and is known to playa role in development and differentiation of many tissues. Deletion of four base pairs in DLX3 (NT3198) is causally related to tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome (OMIM # 190320), a genetic disorder manifested by taurodontism, hair abnormalities, and increased bone density in the cranium. Although the observed defects of TDO syndrome involves bone, little is known about the role of Dlx3 in bone remodeling process. In this study, we examined the effect of wild type DLX3 (wtDlx3) expression on osteoclast differentiation and compared it with that of 4-BP DEL DLX3 (TDO mtDlx3). To examine whether Dlx3 is expressed during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand (RANKL). Dlx3 protein level increased slightly after RANKL treatment for 1 day and peaked when the fusion of prefusion osteoclasts actively progressed. When wtDlx3 and TDO mtDlx3 were overexpressed in RAW264.7 cells, they enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and the expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes such as calcitonin receptor, vitronectin receptor and cathepsin K. Since osteoclast differentiation is critically regulated by the balance between RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG), we examined the effect of Dlx3 overexpression on expression of RANKL and OPG in C2C12 cells in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Overexpression of wtDlx3 enhanced RANKL mRNA expression while slightly suppressed OPG expression. However, TDO mtDlx3 did not exert significant effects. This result suggests that inability of TDO mtDlx3 to regulate expression of RANKL and OPG may contribute to increased bone density in TDO syndrome patients. Taken together, it is suggested that Dlx3 playa role as a positive regulator of osteoclast differentiation via up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation-associated genes in osteoclasts, as well as via increasing the ratio of RANKL to OPG in osteoblastic cells.

• BMB Reports
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.450-455
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• 2003

Antioxidant enzymes are scavenger reactive-oxygen intermediates and are involved in many cellular defense systems. We previously reported that a crude extract of Garnoderma lucidum, a medicinally potent mushroom, profoundly increased the catalase gene expression and enzyme activities in mouse livers (Park et al., J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34. 144-149, 2001). In this study, we elucidated the detailed mechanism whereby G. lucidum stimulates the catalase activity and expression. The major active fraction was isolated from G. lucidum and methyl linoleate was considered the most major component of the fraction. In order to determine whether methyl linoleate increases mRNA and protein synthesis of catalase, Northern and Western blot analyses were performed in vivo with methyl linoleate-treated mouse liver homogenate after feeding methyl linoleate to the mice. Northern and Western blot analyses of the crude liver homogenates in the mice that were administered methyl linoleate revealed that the expression catalase was significantly increased when compared to the untreated controls. In addition, the catalase protein levels and enzymatic activities increased in the mouse liver homogenates. These results suggest that methyl linoleate that is produced by G. lucidum stimulates the catalase expression at the transcription level.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 eNOS 유전자에 대한 한국인 특이적 SNP를 확인하고자 하였다. eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase)는 내피세포에서 발현되는 산화질소(nitric oxide, NO)를 합성하는 유전자로 관동맥 연축 및 혈압에 영향을 미친다. 이 유전자는 발현이 항상 일정한 constitutivegene으로 7번 염색체에 위치한다. 최근 연구 보고에 따르면 exon 7에 해당하는 894번째 염기 변이[G894T (Glu298Asp)]의 다형성이 심근경색 및 관상동맥 경련의 발병원에 기여하는 유전적 요소일 가능성으로 제시되었다. SNP가 모든 환자에게서 직접적으로 질환의 원인은 아닐지라도 일부 환자에게서는 상당한 연관성이 있다고 보여지고, 인종 간에도 차이가 있기 때문에 인종별로 이를 정확히 분석하는 것이 유전자 진단에 핵심이 될 것으로 생각된다. eNOS 유전자에서 다형성 부분에 해당하는 sense primer와 antisense primer를 고안, 제작하였으며, ARMS 기법에 기초한 방법으로 allele 특이적인 산물이 생성될 수 있게 하였다. eNOS의 G894T는 wild type (W/W)이 95명, heterozygote type (W/S)이 9명 확인되었다. SNP homozygote type (S/S)은 나타나지 않았다. 환자에서는 W/W 19명, W/S 1명으로 역시 S/S은 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 eNOS에 대한 한국인 특이적 다형성의 확인과 진단이 보다 신속 정확하게 이루어질 수 있는 기반이 마련될 것으로 기대된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2005

Antioxidant enzymes are related to the resistance to various abiotic stresses including salinity. Barley is relatively tolerant to saline stress among crop plants, but little information is available on barley antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress. We investigated temporal and spatial responses of activities and isoform profiles of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), non-specific peroxidase (POX), and glutathione reductase (GR) to saline stress in barley seedlings treated with 200 mM NaCl for 0, 1, 2, 5 days, respectively. In the control plant, hydrogen peroxide content was about 2-fold higher in the root than in the shoot. Under saline stress, hydrogen peroxide content was decreased drastically by 70% at 2 d after NaCl treatment (DAT) in the root. In the leaf, however, the content was remained unchanged by 2 DAT and increased about 14 % at 5 DAT. In general, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased in the root and shoot under saline stress. But the increase was more significant and consistent in the root. The activities of SOD, CAT, APX, POX, and GR were increased significantly in the root within 1 DAT, and various elevated levels were maintained by 5 DAT. Among the antioxidant enzymes, CAT activity was increased the most drastically. The significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, POX, and GR in the NaCl-stressed barley root was highly correlated with the increased expression of the constitutive isoforms as well as the induced ones. The hydrogen peroxide content in the root was most highly correlated with the CAT activity, indicating an increased role of CAT in hydrogen peroxide detoxification under salinity stress. In addition, the results suggest the significance of temporal and spatial regulation of each antioxidant isoform in determining the competence of the antioxidant capacity under saline stress.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.114-122
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• 1995

B 세포가 다양화되어 가는 기작을 규명한다는 것은 면역 반응의 조절이 생체 내에서 어떻게 이루어지고 있는 가를 이해하는데 가장 기본이 되는 것이다. 본 연구는 기 확립한 in situ hybridization 기법을 이용하여 항체의 항원 결합 부위 유전자가 B 세포의 발달 과정 중 어떻게 조절이 되고 있으며 이것은 B 세포의 다양화라는 측면과 어떻게 연관이 되어 있는 지를 분석하였다. Gestation 시기가 16일, 18일, 19일, 20일 되었을 때간에 있는 B 세포는 $V_H7183$와 $V_HQ52$두개의 $V_H$ 유전자군을 가장 많이 이용하고 있었으며 이러한 경향은 gestation 기간 전체를 통하여 변화 없이 일정하게 나타났다. 간에 있는 fetal B 세포를 differentiation 단계별로 구분하기 위하여 표면 항체를 갖고 있는 집단과, 갖고 있지 않은 두 집단으로 나눈 후 각 집단이 발현하는 $V_H$ 유전자를 분석하였을 때 뚜렷한 차이를 나타냄이 없이 양쪽 집단 모두 fetus의 특징적 $V_H$ 이용양식을 보여주었다. 또 다른 조혈 기능 임파 기관인 fetal spleen에 있는 B 세포 또한 fetal liver의 B 세포와 동일한 양상의 $V_H$ 유전자 이용 양식을 보여 주어 각 임파 기관별 B 세포의 다양성 차이를 발견 할 수 없었다. 이와 같이 adult의 B 세포에 대비하여 독특한 $V_H$ 유전자 이용 양상을 보이는 fetal B 세포의 전구 세포를 4주 이상 미리 형성시킨 adult 골수 세포와 직접 접촉시키면서 발달, 성숙시킨 후 다시 나타난 B 세포를 분석하여도 여전히 fetal B 세포로서의 $V_H$ 유전자 이용 양상을 보이는 것은 fetal B세포의 전구 세포가 갖고 있는 유전적 잠재력에 의한 것이지 환경이나 B 세포의 differentiation 단계 또는 B 세포가 머무르고 있는 특수 임파 장기의 생리적 환경 등에 좌우되는 것이 아니라는 것이 확인되었다.