• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.18-33
• /
• 1972

Pharmaceutical Study on the Compressed tablets. Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of Variance of Compressed tablets. Soo Uck Kim, Sung Hoon seo and Hyun Woo Lee (Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University) In order to know Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of variance of the pharmaceutical tablets the 135 tablets sampled from market were tested in the paper. The samples tested in this paper were as follows: Antipyretics and Analgetics 41 Stomach and Digestives 22 Antituberculars 19 Vitamins 12 Sulfa drugs 9 Others (Antihistaminics etc) 32 Total 135 The results of the investigation are shown in table 1-8, Fig 1-Fig 6. Mean values of Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of variance in each pharmaceutical preparation are as follows. Antipyretics and Analgetics : Hardness(kg) = 5.83 Antipyretics and Analgetics : Friabil.(%) = 0.82 Antipyretics and Analgetics : Disint.t.(min) = 5.28' Antipyretics and Analgetics : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.90 Stomach and Digestives : Hardness(kg) = 4.11 Stomach and Digestives : Friabil.(%) = 0.71 Stomach and Digestives : Disint.t.(min) = 3.43' Stomach and Digestives : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.76 Antituberculars : Hardness(kg) = 4.78 Antituberculars : Friabil.(%) = 0.52 Antituberculars : Disint.t.(min) = 4.32' Antituberculars : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.99 Vitamins : Hardness(kg) = 1.60 Vitamins : Friabil.(%) = 0.43 Vitamins : Disint.t.(min) = 4.10' Vitamins : Coeff. of V.(%) = 3.19 Sulfa drugs : Hardness(kg) = 4.77 Sulfa drugs : Friabil.(%) = 0.37 Sulfa drugs : Disint.t.(min) = 3.10' Sulfa drugs : Coeff. of V.(%) = 2.09 Others : Hardness(kg) = 2.40 Others : Friabil.(%) = 0.66 Others : Disint.t.(min) = 2.19' Others : Coeff. of V.(%) = 3.10 The following summeries might be shown; 1. Ranges of Hardness, Friability, Disintegration time and Coefficient of variance are respectively 1.6 to 5.38 kg, 0.37 to 0.82%, 2 minut 19 second to 5 minut 28 second and 2.09 to 3.10%. 2. According to the results, it could be indicated that higher Hardness shows lower Friability. 3. Against the general conception between Hardness and Disintegration time, higher Hardness shows lower Disintegration time. 4. It seems that higher mean weight shows lowcr Coefficient variance.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.571-579
• /
• 2010

Jeupjang has long been considered only a local delicacy. So, it has gradually been forgotten because its name and definition have not been established. This study was performed in order to provide some basic data by comparing the general components, color, free amino acids, free sugar, organic acids and antioxidant activities between commercial Jeupjang(GG, GD, JM, NJ, NS). Moisture contents, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents of Jeupjang were 48.07~61.77%, 4.08~10.53%, 3.92~4.64%, and 3.63~9.95%. pH, titrable acidity and salt in Jeupjang were 4.32~5.50, 9.37~14.82 mL(1N-NaOHmL), and 3.27~8.90%. Amino-type nitrogen content is 42.05~ 138.83mg%. Lightness(L), redness(a) and yellowness(b) values in color of Jeupjang were10.04~21.89, 18.92~28.80, and 17.16~37.56. The total content of free amino acids in commercial Jeupjang ranged from 35.22mg% to 306.02mg% in which it showed wide variation among samples. The major free amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and proline. The major free sugars were fructose(0.31~1.60%), glucose(6.20~ 13.61%) and maltose(7.34~10.01%). The major organic acids were succinic acid(29.08~ 103.62 mg%) and citric acid(3.08~108.69 mg%). Total polyphenol contents were from 1.16 mg/g to 1.78 mg/g, DPPH radical scavenging activity is from 0.57 AEAC to 1.53 AEAC and ABTS radical scavenging activity is from 1.58 AEAC to 2.85 AEAC. This result might cause the differences of soybean composition, processing methods and brewing periods. For the succession of traditional fermented food such as Jeupjang, quality standards are required. To this end, the standardization of manufacturing processes must be followed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.244-252
• /
• 2007

A long-term change in the evaporation rate have an influence on the hydrologic processes at the interface between the land surface-air and crop yield. Several previous studies have reported declines in pan evaporation rate, while actual evaporation rate is expected to increase due to anthropogenic global change in the future. The decreasing trend of pan evaporation rate might be involved with global warming and accordingly the trend of annual pan evaporation rate also needs to be checked here in Korea. In this study, 14 points of pan evaporation observation are intensively studied to investigate the trend of pan evaporation for the time period of 1970-2000. Annual pan evaporation is decreasing at the rate of 1.6mm/yr, which corresponds to approximately 50mm for 30 years. Annual pan evaporation rate is larger by $\sim10%$ at the coastal area and decreasing rate is faster as -2.46 mm/yr per year, while that is -0.82 mm/yr per year at the in-land area. The results of the Mann-Kendall trend test shows 4 points are decreasing and 10 points are unchanged with 95% confidence interval. But national annual average values show the decreasing trend of pan evaporation rate as a whole, which corresponds to general trend all over the world. This study will contribute to a variety of studies on water resources, hydrology, agricultural engineering, meteorology, and coastal engineering in association with future global climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.394-399
• /
• 2013

The recalcitrant hairs which are accumulated in the U-trap equipped to prevent the stench from the drainage produce the phenomenon of blocking the flow of water through the home drainage pathway. The chemical dissolution solutions commercially manufactured are excessively poured into U-trap to solve this blocking problem. In this study, the specially designed instrument was developed for the experiments to cut and crush the hairs of which main component are the recalcitrant keratin proteins. The performance of the instrument for cutting and crushing hairs was investigated using experimental methods. The cutting and weighing method was used in order to obtain the average length of a large amount of hairs cut by instrument. This method is relatively simple to measure the weight of cutting hairs to obtain the average length of the fibers, the values of average length showed not greater tolerances. Also the average cutting number was defined to evaluate the performance of the cutting and crushing instruments designed for this study. We were able to apply these evaluation methods to provide the criteria to obtain the optimal structure of instrument and proper operation time in the given experimental conditions. These experimental methods and results will provide the good example to design and to analyze the various device that can be used for cutting the fibers. The cutting and crushing instrument developed in this study showed the effective abilities to cutting the hairs. The general using the cuttting and crushing instrument at every home would be helpful to prevent water environmental pollution.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.177-190
• /
• 2013

Air pollution trends in Japan between 1970 and 2012 were analyzed, and the impact of air pollution countermeasures was evaluated. Concentrations of CO decreased from 1970 to 2012, and in 2012, the Japanese environmental quality standard (EQS) for CO was satisfied. Concentrations of $SO_2$ dropped markedly in the 1970s, owing to use of desulfurization technologies and low-sulfur heavy oil. Major reductions in the sulfur content of diesel fuel in the 1990s resulted in further decreases of $SO_2$ levels. In 2012, the EQS for $SO_2$ was satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations. Concentrations of $NO_2$ decreased from 1970 to 1985, but increased from 1985 to 1995. After 1995, $NO_2$ concentrations decreased, especially after 2006. In 2012, the EQS for $NO_2$ was satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations, except those alongside roads. The annual mean for the daily maximum concentrations of photochemical oxidants (OX) increased from 1980 to 2010, but after 2006, the $98^{th}$ percentile values of the OX concentrations decreased. In 2012, the EQS for OX was not satisfied at most air quality monitoring stations. Non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentrations generally decreased from 1976 to 2012. In 2011, NMHC concentrations near roads and in the general environment were nearly the same. The concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) generally decreased. In 2011, the EQS for SPM was satisfied at 69.2% of ambient air monitoring stations, and 72.9% of roadside air-monitoring stations. Impacts from mineral dust from continental Asia were especially pronounced in the western part of Japan in spring, and year-round variation was large. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ generally decreased, but the EQS for $PM_{2.5}$ is still not satisfied. The air pollution trends were closely synchronized with promulgation of regulations designed to limit pollutant emissions. Trans-boundary OX and $PM_{2.5}$ has become a big issue which contains global warming chemical species such as ozone and black carbon (so called SLCP: Short Lived Climate Pollutants). Cobeneficial reduction approach for these pollutants will be important to improve both in regional and global atmospheric environmental conditions.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.17-36
• /
• 2005

The objective of this study is to present basic data for producing tools to measure Yangseng of the elderly aged older than 65 by reassessing the validity and reliability of such tools already developed. In the present study, total 855 subjects were divided into 4 groups and given 31 question for the ultimate factor analysis of each item. The results cloud be summarized as follows: 1. In case of 'don't have sex in drunken state or right after dinner'(the 31st item of sex live yangseng). factor loading came out proportionally in 3 factors such as factor 4=0.358, factor 5=0.389 and factor 6=0.386. As they all failed to reach the general standard of 0.5 or more and even the minimum standard of 0.4 or more, the 31st item was deleted from the questionnaires. 2. From the factor analysis after exclusion of the 31st item, factor loading of the 25th item of sleep yangseng 'go to bed and get up regularly' appeared to be proportional in 2 factor(factor 4=0.393 and factor 7=0.373). Since it was shown that the 25th item could not be classified into a category but interacted with others in common and didn't satisfy the minimum standard of 0.4, it was deleted form the questionnaires, too. 3. From the factor analysis conducted after excluding the item numbers 31 and 25, factor loading of the 12th item of diet yangseng 'do not eat much' turned out to be relatively high with such values as factor 5=0.518 and factor 3=0.453. As it was, however, tied up with the factor of exercise yangseng, it was also deleted. In conclusion, 28 items after excluding the item numbers 12, 25 and 31 form 4 group showed the same results as divided into 8 factor with high grade of reliability and validity, evidencing the assumption that they can be employed practically to measure yangseng of the elderly aged 65 and oder.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 1999

This study was carried out to develop the Korean paper(Hanji) sludge-wood fiber composite boards utilizing the relinquished sludges occurring from the making process of Korean classic paper Hanji. The bark of paper mulberry(Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb.) has been used as a raw material since past hundreds and thousands years. Korean paper(Hanji) sludge was divided into two kinds, the one was the white sludge from the first stage and the other was the black sludge occurring from the final stage of Korean paper(Hanji) making. Four levels of the mixed ratio of each white or black sludge to wood fiber(10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60), three levels of the resin adhesives(PMDI, urea and phenol resin) and three levels of the density(0.60, 0.75 and 0.90) were designed to investigate the mechanical properties of Korean paper(Hanji) sludge-wood fiber composite boards. From the results and discussion, it could be concluded as follows : 1. In the white and black sludge-wood fiber composite boards, bending modulus of rupture showed the clear decreasing tendency according to the increase of sludge additive, but it was clearly increased with the increase of specific gravity. Modulus of elasticity showed the same tendency as in the modulus of rupture, and also tensile and internal bonding strength had the same tendencies as in these bending properties. 2. Among the resin adhesives, PMDI or urea resin showed great values in MOR of white sludge-wood fiber composite board, but urea resin was greater than PMDI in MOR and MOE of black sludge-wood fiber composite board. Tensile and internal bonding strength showed the same tendencies as in white sludge-wood fiber composite board. 3. It is suggested that the white sludge-wood fiber composite boards bonded with PMDI or black sludge-wood fiber composite boards bonded with urea resin were able to made similar boards to general fiberboard by the mixed ratio 20:80 of sludge to wood fiber.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.15 no.2 s.69
• /
• pp.211-214
• /
• 2005

The studies were conducted to obtain basic informations on inheritance of some quantitative characters in kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seven parents (Felibon, Renka, Processor, Kaboom, $BO_{22}$, Local variety $\#1$ and Local variety $\#2)$ and $F_1$ hybrids of 21 crosses from a set of diallel cross among varieties were used to estimate combining ability for eight agronomic characters such as days to flowering, days to maturity, stem length, pod numbers per plant, pod length, grain numbers per plant, 100-grain weight and grain weight per plant. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significantly different among all characters, and values of GCA were greater than those of SCA in all characters except number of grains per plant. In effect of GCA, Felibon expressed high GCA effect for days to flowering and number of grains per plant. Local variety $\#1$ showed high GCA effect for 100-grain weight and stem length. Local variety $\#2$appeared to high GCA effect for 100-grain weight and grain weight per plant. Processor expressed high GCA effect for days to maturity and grain weight per plant. Kaboom showed high GCA effect days to flowering and days to maturity. $BO_{22}$ appeared high GCA effect for all characters except for days to flowering, days to maturity and stem length. In the SCA effect, crosses of Felibonx Renka and Local variety $\#2{\times}Processor$ exhibited in high negative effect for days to flowering. Thus, these crosses were evaluated to useful for breeding early maturing variety. Crosses of breeding high yield variety were considered of $Felibon{\times}Local$ variety $\#1$, $Felibon{\times}Renka$ and Local variety $\#2{\times}BO_{22}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.338-343
• /
• 1988

Selected kinetic parameters and degree of hydrolysis(DH) were measured using commercial proteases(trypsin, alcalase and pronase) to study the affinity of these enzymes to 7S and 11S soy proteins. Electrophoretic patterns of the hydrolysates were also investigated. In general, the order of affinity between the proteins and the proteases was 11S(protein-rich fraction)and 7S PRF for unheated proteins, and 7S PRF and 11S PRF for preheated proteins. Substrate inhibition was present at a substrate concentration of 1.5% or higher when preheated protein was used as the substrate. The maximum DH values of alcalase were obtained from 7S PRF(60%) and 11S PRF(80%) at 1 hr hydrolysis, respectively. Trypsin hydrolyses did not affect 11S soy protein but the acidic subunits in contrast to alcalase and pronase hydrolyses which changed almost all subunits. Alcalase hydrolysis induced distinct changes on 2S soy protein.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.433-441
• /
• 2006

With a development of electrical technology in recent, it is possible to measure distance without direct contact to object using laser which launched at instrument and reflect from object. Furthermore, the advent of non prism total station brought the increment of application in many fields including not only road, airport, and harbors but also measurement and monitoring of structural displacement in construction fields. In this study, therefore, to evaluate accuracy of non prism total station, accuracy was analyzed by measuring certain distance which classified by both certain materials and angle of reflection. By this method, the derived values were applied to topographical survey for the efficient applicability. According to a study, result value of non prism total station was satisfBctory regardless of material when the angle of reflection was 90 degrees. RMSE increased when the angle of reflection are gradually increased to acute angle. In result of regression analysis using certain distance which classified by both materials and angles of reflection, there is relationship between distance and angle of reflection, but material has no relevance to the result value. When carrying out general topographical survey, proper application of non prism total station will go far conducting safe and prompt survey at the dangerous site such a road which have lots of traffic flow and rock joint which have high angles of inclination.