• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 2017

Background: There is recent evidence that insulin resistance is responsible for increasing the risk of developing cognitive dysfunction. To systematically review the influence of intranasal insulin treatment on the cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients. Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing the cognitive effects of intranasal insulin therapy in Alzheimer's disease patients with controlled interventions were retrieved from Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane library. Meta-analysis was conducted on the cognitive measurements with a subgroup analysis by dose, gender and apolipoprotein E allele 4 (ApoE ${\varepsilon}4$) status. Results: Seven randomized controlled trials were eligible for inclusion. Intranasal insulin had a positive influence on the cognitive function as compared to placebo without a statistical significance (standardized mean difference; SMD = 0.109; 95% confidence interval; CI -0.04 to 0.26; P=0.14). In subgroup analysis, a 20 IU dose of intranasal insulin induced a significant improvement in cognitive function (SMD = 0.14; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.24; P=0.004), but 40 IU did not show this effect (SMD = -0.01; 95% CI -0.11 to 0.09; P=0.82). ApoE ${\varepsilon}4$ positive patients showed a significant decline in cognitive function as compared to ApoE ${\varepsilon}4$ positive patients in the control group (SMD = -0.213; 95% CI -0.38 to -0.04; P=0.015). Such an effect was not apparent in ApoE ${\varepsilon}4$ negative patients. Gender had no influence on the cognitive outcomes. Conclusion: The results indicate that intranasal insulin may have beneficial effect in improving the cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.65-83
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of variables related to family and employment on work-family negative spillover. The subjects of this study were 570 dual-earner with children. The research tool was questionnaires. For data analysis, factor analysis, Cronbach ${\alpha}$, and multiple regression were performed. The main results of this study were as following. First, among variables related to family, spouse support, parental satisfaction, marital satisfaction, perceived fairness in the division of household labor, daily housework hour and family strengths had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in wives, and weekends housework hour, perceived fairness in the division of household labor, perception of the gender role, and satisfaction of the division in household labor had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in husband. Second, among variables related to family, parental satisfaction, number of children influence on $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover in wives, and spouse support, parental satisfaction, satisfaction of the division in household labor, marital satisfaction, and perception of the gender role had an influence on $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover in husband. Third, among variables related to employment, support from workplace, weekly working hour, monthly income, and job satisfaction had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in wives, and support from workplace, monthly income, household income, and weekly working hour had an influence on $work{\rightarrow}family$ negative spillover in husband. Forth, among variables related to employment, support from workplace in wives, and job satisfaction in husband had an influence on $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover. To conclude, there was some difference in the variables influencing $work{\rightarrow}family$, $family{\rightarrow}work$ negative spillover between wife and husband. So, We have to take this difference into consideration in establishing work-family life balance policies.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.258-262
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to offer some standards for the classification of Sasang Constitutions according to age groups through analyzing the characteristics of their body shape and comparing with their frontal silhouettes. The subject of this study were 192 female and 167 male patients who aged from 17 to 64 in Pusan. They were treated with Sasang Constitutional medicine. 5 Heights, 7 widths of their body were measured with modified IBS-2000. Collected 12 anthropometric data was analyzed by T-test and ANOVA. Width is more suitable than height in estimating Sasang Constitutions regardless of gender differences. W2_1, W2_2, W2_4, W2_5, W2_51 are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions regardless of gender differences and age groups. in case of female, H45 in 33${\sim}$64 age group is suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. In case of male, H12, W2_1 in 17${\sim}$32 age group and H01, W2_0, H23 in 33${\sim}$64 age group are suitable to estimate Sasang Constitutions. All Sasang Constitutions with the exception of Taeyangin female have to consider age groups, when we estimate Sasang Constitutions. From the above results, we have to consider not only gender differences but also age groups to classify Sasang Constitutions from body shape point of view.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8197-8201
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• 2016

Background: To investigate the expression of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: The level of expressed FHIT mRNA in peripheral blood from 50 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and in 50 peripheral blood samples from healthy volunteers was measured via RT-PCR. Correlation analyses between FHIT gene expression and clinical characteristics (gender, age, white blood count, immunophenotype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and percentage of blast cells) of the patients were performed. Results: The FHIT gene was expressed at $2.49{\pm}7.37$ of ALL patients against $14.4{\pm}17.9$ in the healthy volunteers. The difference in the expression levels between ALL patients and healthy volunteers was statistically significant. The rate of gene expression did not significantly vary with immunophenotype subtypes. Gene expression was also found to be correlated with increase of total leukocyte and decrease in platelets, but not with age, gender, immunophenotyping or percentage of blast cells. Conclusions: FHIT gene expression is low in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and could be a useful marker to monitor minimal residual disease. This gene is also a candidate target for the immunotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify correlation between sexual autonomy and self-efficacy and provide preliminary information for use in development of a sex education program for university students. Method: This study employed a descriptive research design. Data were collected from 357 university students. Subjects completed questionnaires on the following: demographics, sexual autonomy, and self-efficacy. Results: A total of 112 subjects (31.3.%) had experienced sexual intercourse and 126 subjects (35.3%) regarded it as an acceptable level of sexual behavior. The mean of sexual autonomy was 3.49 and significant differences were observed in gender, grade, department, and acceptable level of sexual behavior. The mean of self-efficacy was 4.08 and significant differences were observed in gender, department, and acceptable level of sexual behavior. In addition, significant correlation was observed between sexual autonomy and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Development of a sex education program for university students, which includes information on reinforcement of sexual autonomy and self-efficacy, is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.191-200
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of participation in leisure activities on the quality of life by comparing gender and household type. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2017 Korean Elderly Survey and the participants were 7,406 people who are 65 years and above. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS (version 18.0) statistical package. Results: The result of this study revealed that participation in leisure activities has a significant effect on the quality of life of In the case of older adults who are men and live with couple, voluntary activities have a significant effect on their quality of life, while for elderly women living alone, arts & cultural activities have a significant effect on their quality of life. Conclusions: Based on these results, we suggested some implications for supporting healthy leisure activities and improving the level of quality of life among aged people.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 2020

Objectives: Calcium (Ca) is an insufficiently consumed nutrient, whereas phosphorus (P) intake has exceeded the recommended intake level in Korea over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary Ca and P intakes and their contribution rate according to dish groups. Methods: A 24-hour dietary recall survey of 640 healthy adults (aged 19-69 years) was undertaken twice in four Korean provinces. Dietary Ca and P intakes and their rates of contribution from 31 major dish groups were analyzed and compared by gender, age group, and region. Results: The average Ca and P intakes of the subjects were 542.1 ± 222.2 mg/d and 1,068.3 ± 329.0 mg/d, respectively. The intakes of Ca and P as percentages of recommended nutrients intake (RNI%) were 71.7 ± 29.8% and 152.6 ± 47%, respectively, and the percentages under the estimated average requirement were 60.3% for Ca and 3.8% for P. The RNI% of Ca was not significantly different between males and females, but was significantly higher in subjects in the sixties age group than in other age groups and was significantly lower in the Korean capital than in other regions. The RNI% of P did not significantly differ by gender or age groups, but it was significantly higher in the capital than in Gyeong-sang. The five major dish groups contributing to Ca intake (contribution rate) were milks/dairy products 69.2 ± 109.2 mg/d (12.6%), soups 55.6 ± 69.6 mg/d (10.1%), stir-fried foods 53.1 ± 70.7 mg/d (9.7%), stews 43.4 ± 85.4 mg/d (7.9%), and kimchi 38.4 ± 31.8 mg/d (7.0%). The five major dish group contributing to P intake (contribution rate) were cooked rice 160.7 ± 107.1 mg/d (14.9%), stir-fried foods 88.5 ± 89.4 mg/d (8.2%), soups 76.7 ± 85.8 mg/d (7.1%), one-dish meals 63.3 ± 94.4 mg/d (5.9%), and stews 62.6 ± 89.3 mg/d (5.8%). The dish groups contributing to Ca and P intakes differed somewhat by gender, age group, and region. Conclusions: Programs to improve the nutritional status of Ca and P intakes should consider the differences in Ca and P contribution rates by dish groups as well as by gender, age group, and region.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.380-389
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• 2019

Animation is a medium that can be enjoyed by many age groups, and it often reflects the discourse and ideology of the time. Therefore, studying the tendency of gender identity as it is expressed in animations is meaningful as a process to understand current trends. Therefore, I examined how the female characters' performative gender identity has been expressed in Disney animations and how it has changed. Disney animations have stuck to dichotomous gender performance, with men playing active and adventurous roles, while women play submissive and passive roles. Disney began to deviate slightly from the dichotomous gender performance through "Pocahontas" and "Mullan", which emphasized the heroic role of women. However, these animations have been limited in the way that love stories between men and women make up the main theme. In "Frozen", however, women actively explored their lives by overcoming these limitations, and expressed their happiness through sisterhood rather than love between men and women. Therefore, "Frozen," which expresses an active female character who sets up her own kingdom as an independent entity, is meaningful in that it has demonstrated the changed gender performance.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.162-177
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of obesity and dietary self-efficacy scale and to identify factors that affect obesity in upper-grade elementary school students. Methods: A total of 458 fifth to sixth grade elementary school students in Seoul and Chuncheon city, and rural areas of Gangwon Province, were included in this study. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. Results: The results revealed significant differences in the obesity region, perceived body image, experience of weight loss, family member of mother's age, mother's job and father's job between 'not obesity group' and 'obesity group'. The logistic regression analysis revealed that obesity was related with gender, region, and perceived body image. Conclusion: Gender, region, and perceived body image showed a relationship with obesity in upper-grade elementary school students. Thus, to develop obesity management program for upper grade elementary school students, we should be considered the gender, region, and perceived body image should be considered.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2007

This study investigated: 1) what weight-related behaviors college students practiced; 2) if the behaviors were performed for weight-related reasons; and 3) whether the behavioral practices differed by gender, race, and body weight status. This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire to collect information from a non-probability sample of undergraduate students (n=379; 48% men) recruited from large introductory psychology classes. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine simple comparisons, and multiple logistic regression analyses assessed differences. Male students reported adopting significantly fewer weight-related behaviors than females. Most frequently males increased exercise (69.2%), increased fruit and vegetable consumption (50%), skipped meals (46%), cut out sweets and junk foods (40%), and cut out between-meal snacks (35%). Female students most frequently increased exercise (67.4%), skipped meals (63%), increased fruit and vegetable consumption (62%), reduced the amount of food eaten (60%), and cut out between-meal snacks (51%). Negative behaviors were engaged in by only a few participants. Weight-related reasons were a significant factor for weight-related behavior adoption. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that gender was consistently and significantly associated with the adoption of weight-related behaviors, while race and weight status were less consistently associated. Findings of this study will be helpful to dietitians who counsel college students. Results of this study may support effects to bring more comprehensive behaviorally-focused health md nutrition interventions to college campuses.