• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.776-787
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors which have formed gender images in men's fashion since the middle of the 19th century. For this purpose, the images of gender in fashion were analyzed and historical studies about gender images in men's fashion from the middle of the 19th century to the present days were done. Historically images of gender expressed in fashion were masculine image feminine image androgynous image and genderless image. Among those images masculine image and genderless image. Among those image masculine image and androgynous image have been the gender images in men's fashion since the middle of the 19th century. In psychoanalytic view point the factors which have formed the gender images are related with sexual pleasure. Libido for looking narcissism and exhibitionism have produced masculine image and androgynous image in men's fashion, In socioeconomic view point power structure between the sexes have built the gender images in fashion. Masculine image and androgynous image came in to being in men's fashion for the purpose of displaying power or expressing opposition to power structure between the sexes, In aesthetic view point the aesthetic sense of each age about sex have constructed the gender images. Modernism had influence on building masculine image and post-modernism have formed androgynous image in men's fashion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.702-713
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper is to deeply understand the transitional concept of gender expressed in the later 20th century fashion through analyzing of various literature. Gender is constructed in the context of social and culture different than sex which is inherent difference between man and women. Thus the concept of gender can be changed according to change of social and culture. There are imposing changes in gender since 60's owing to various factors; namely, feminism, subculture, deconstruction, development of technology, market economy, changing sex roles, etc. Especially in the 60's to 70's, as radical changes were took place, gender became vague more and more. Finally these days there is no fixed gender. In terms of meaning, there may be a number of genders-since there are as many meanings of sex as there are people who have thought about it. That is, sex is, gender means. Sex exists in itself, and is sublimely indifferent to what humans think of it, However gender is all the meanings we assign to sex. In accordance with this phenomena, people don't mind their sexes with appearance. There is only different disposition and taste.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.8
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• pp.15-28
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate how gender role attitudes affect clothing involvement and clothing consumption behaviors in young female generation by changing the traditional sex role stereotype. For the research, the survey was conducted for a month from June 15 to July 15, 2009. Data was collected a total of 368 questionnaires from 20's female university students and analyzed 301 questionnaires with SPSS 12.0. The results were as follows. First, the results of factor analysis on gender role attitudes confirmed the multifactorial theory of gender schema: modern masculinity, conservative gender roles, modern feminity based on emotion, gender role openness, and traditional feminity. Second, gender role attitude of female university students was a little conservative but flexible to accommodate masculinity and active in the emotion expression. Third, gender role attitudes had important effects on clothing involvement which was identified into 4 different factors; fashion involvement, clothing interest, performance risk, and social psychological risk. Fourth, gender role attitudes were related with clothing consumption behaviors as like shopping orientation, on-going information search behavior and brand loyalty because of needs for innovation, exhibition and differentiation. Therefore, it was concluded that not only 'androgynous' from modern feminity based on emotion but also 'masculinity' was applied to important fashion marketing strategic tools by statically affecting female consumer's clothing involvement and clothing behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.442-450
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between personality traits and awareness of gender equality. Method: A descriptive survey design was used and 688 students in fifth and sixth grades in 3 elementary schools were selected as participants. Result: 1. Level of gender equality awareness among the students was 2.82. This is higher than average and was most influenced by awareness of family life, followed by awareness in education, work environment and social-cultural life. 2. Students with higher levels of extraversion-introversion had higher levels of awareness of gender equality in family life, work environment, and education. Students with higher levels of tough-mindedness showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in family life and work environment, while those with higher levels of lying showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in social-cultural life. Conclusion: Personality traits and awareness of gender equality were correlated to some degree. However, in order to understand the characteristics of childhood personality traits and the behaviors of our children though the mediation of the gender equality awareness as society changes, and to let them grow with understanding of gender equality, it is essential to implement various kinds of education in families, schools, and the society.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.853-869
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in procrastination and anxiety as a personality trait according to gender and the cognitive regulatory focus of university students. In this study, we would like to answer the following questions: First, is there any difference in procrastination according to gender and regulatory focus? Second, is there any difference in anxiety according to gender and regulatory focus? The participants of this study comprised of 434 university students(171 male, 263 female), studying at 4 universities in South Korea. To examine whether the relative strength of promotion and prevention focus would differ across gender groups and regulatory focus type(promotion or prevention), we conducted a $2{\times}2$ factorial analysis of variance(ANOVA). The results of this study are as follows. First, there were significant difference in procrastination according to gender and regulatory focus, but there were no interaction effect between gender and regulatory focus. Second, there were significant difference in trait anxiety according to gender and regulatory focus, but there were no interaction effect between gender and regulatory focus. This study found that procrastination and anxiety as personality traits are differ depending on gender and regulatory focus(promotion focus and prevention focus). Suggestions and discussions based on these findings are provided.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-35
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine how children's creativity varies depending on gender and intelligence. Methods: The participants of this study were 100 five-to-six-year-olds from a kindergarten in city S. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS WIN 21.0 program. I conducted t-tests to examine differences in intelligence and creativity according to gender, and used two-way ANOVA for inspecting the differences according to gender and intelligence. Furthermore, I used additional one-way ANOVA for inspecting the interaction-effect of gender and intelligence concretely. Results: As a result, there are no differences in creativity according to a child's gender, but there are some variations in intelligence according to gender. In addition, the aspect of the relationship between children's creativity and intelligence varies according to gender. Conclusion/Implications: It is meaningful that this study determined that gender and level of intelligence influence an improvement in creativity. This study supplies variables and directions to be considered when an educational activity or program is developed for young children.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.155-170
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• 2003

By analysing women's identity rooted in Korean families and welfare policies related to families, this research aims to explore more gender-equal family welfare policies for the future. This research examines the change of families along with social changes, women's identity in families, the present family welfare policies, and women's identity in the family welfare policies. Social changes and the demand of market make influence on function and form of families. However, the broad social format of patriarchy persists and women's gender identity and gender role in families make little differences as ever. These women's gender role and gender identity are found in welfare policies related to families as they are. The women is regulated as dependent on male partner with the primary responsibilities on child rearing and elderly care. In addition, only focusing on families in need, Korean family policies are not generally established. Therefore, now, it is strongly suggested that Korean family policies concerning more diverse families should be launched with the gender-sensitive perspective.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.231-241
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• 1995

I examined the relationship between allocations to plant size components such as plant height, total leaf weight, and nuber of branches and to reproductive components such as the number and weight of male and female fowers in three populations of the monoecious, wind-pollinated Ambrosia artemisiifolia. In particular, the two types of gender of plants, phenotypic and functional gender, were related to resource allocation. Mean values of all plant size and reproductive components differed significantly among the three populations. Such inter-population differences did not exist for both photosynthetic and reproductive efforts, Plant size components were mostly positively correlated with reproductive components among plants. However, the relationships between photosynthetic effort and reproductive components were largely negative and inconsistent among populations. The phenotypic gender was much lover than 0.5 in all of the three populations. Pairwise correlations between functional gender and each allocation measurement such as plant size components, reproductive components, photosynthetic effort, and reproductive effort were not consistent across the three populations. These results suggest that the gender of A. artemisiifolia measured as flower production responds sensitively to environmental conditions which might differ whithin as well as among populations.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2000

The textbook is a predominant feature of most classrooms. Because the textbook is an important aspect of educational experience, it is essential that the content of the texts be carefully scrutinized. The purpose of this study was to examine the visual portrayal of gender groups in elementary $"Chay{\tilde{o}}n"$ textbooks developed by the 6th National Science Curriculum. An instrument was developed to analyze the nature and type of activity engaged in by these groups as well as how often members of these groups were portrayed. Data were collected from 8 elementary $"Chay{\tilde{o}}n"$ textbooks. The results show the following two different features. While the elementary $"Chay{\tilde{o}}n"$ textbooks do not show gender-biases in representing science learning activities such as observing, experimenting, measuring, they show distinct gender-stereotyped roles and activities. It is expected that the results of this study are considered in developing the new elementary "Science" textbooks which show gender-fairness.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.29-40
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• 2003

The purpose of this study were to enhance the gender equality in rural area through develop Gender Equality Consciousness Improvement Education Program for rural couples. For these purposes, procedures conducted and results were as follows; 1) This study was conducted through the literature review and research data for gender equality of people in rural area. Based on the review and research data, It was developed gender equality consciousness improvement education program and evaluated sex-role complex through structured questionnaires. 2) This program was consisted of 4 sessions, namely, understanding on the concept and necessarity of gender equality, understanding on the man and woman, gender equality consciousness evaluation, and establishing on the equal man and woman role in rural community. Using program materials for educators, this program will be used effectively by professional worker in rural community.