• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.11-13
• /
• 2010

In this article, the concept of body fluid is explained in three aspects: the word meaning of body fluid, the origins of the definitions of the body fluid concept and the connotation and extension of body fluid. Investigating data about the time Hwangjenaegyeong(黃帝內經) was written, the author discovers that the meaning of "Aek(液)" is clear, but there are still questions about the meaning of "Jin(津)". The concept of body fluid derived from observation of life phenomenon and ancient philosophy on the "water". The concept of body fluid should be expressed as that body fluid is a general term for all normal liquids in the body. Within the meridians, as the composition of blood components; outside the meridians, constituting the intrinsic body fluids of various organs and tissues. This is the main part of body fluid, coming from diet, constituting the human body and maintaining human life activities, playing the roles of moistening and nourishing various of organs and tissues of the body. In addition, Interstitial fluid, all kinds of normal liquid secretion and metabolic products, such as sweat, tears, nasal discharge, saliva, slobber, gastric juice, intestinal fluid, urine, joint fluid, latex and so on, both belong to body fluid.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.184-193
• /
• 2000

To evaluate GC-rhEPO, human erythropoietin produced by recombinant DNA technique, its general pharmacological properties were investigated in experimental animals administering intravenously and in vitro test system. GC-rhEPO at doses of 70,700 and 7,000 IU/kg body weight had no influence on general behavior, spontaneous motor activity, thiopental-inducted sleeping time, writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid, strychnine-induced convulsions, charchoal meal propulsion in mice, and body temperature, gastric juice secretion, urine and electrolyte excretion in rats. In anesthetized rabbits, GC-rhEPO (70, 700 and 7,000 lU/kg, i.v.) did not alter respiratory rate, blood pressure, heat rate. In in vitro experiments, GC-rhEPO did not affect the contractions of the isolated ileum of guinea pigs and the muscle twitchs of isolated neuromuscular junction of the rats. In addition, GC-rhEPO did not affect the blood coagulation time and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in plasma of rabbits. Taken together, these results indicate that GC-rhEPO does not induce any adverse effects in the experimental animals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.11
• /
• pp.1528-1533
• /
• 2012

This study examined the protective effects of ginger and processed (Beopje) ginger extracts on gastritis induced by HCl-ethanol in SD-rats. Beopje (or Poje) is a branch of herbal medicines processed using a Korean traditional method to achieve specific pharmacological effects. Gastric lesions were induced in the rats by a treatment of 1 mL of HCl-ethanol (60% ethanol＋150 mM HCl). The rats were divided into seven groups: Normal (1 mL of saline without HCl-ethanol treated group), Control (HCl-ethanol treated group), GL (35 mg/kg of ginger treated group), BGL (35 mg/kg of Beopje ginger treated group), GH (350 mg/kg of ginger treated group), BGH (350 mg/kg of Beopje ginger treated group) and Cimetidine (80 mg/kg of cimetidine treated group). The gastric injury inhibition rate was 40.2% and 64.9% in GL and BGL and 68.4% and 99.6% in GH and BGH respectively, showing significantly lower rates than the control (p<0.05). The level of gastric juice secretion decreased significantly in all ginger administered groups. The pH of the gastric juices of BGH increased and the acidity of BGH and cimetidine decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to the other groups. Beopje ginger had stronger inhibitory effects on gastritis than ginger without the Beopje process. The protective effect on gastritis by the ginger and Beopje ginger extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). These results suggest that ginger has inhibitory effects on HCl-ethanol induced gastritis in rats that can be improved through the Beopje process.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.7
• /
• pp.1017-1024
• /
• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Litsea japonica fruit flesh extract (LJF-HE) on gastritis in an indomethacin-induced SD rat model. Rats were randomly divided into six groups: G1 (normal group), G2 (control group, indomethacin-induced gastritis), G3 (positive group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and ranitidine 50 mg/kg), G4 (LJF-HE-L group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 30 mg/kg), G5 (LJF-HE-M group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 60 mg/kg), G6 (LJF-HE-H group, indomethacin-induced gastritis and L. japonica fruit flesh extract at 120 mg/kg). In the group treated with LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6), gastric mucosal damage, gastric juice secretion and pepsin activity were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Additionally, there were decreases in the expression of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK-2r), histamine receptor H2 (H2r) and H+/K+ ATPase in the gastric lesions. The plasma levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ significantly decreased in LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6) treated groups compared with control. The plasma level of PGE2 was also significantly increased by LJF-HE (G5 and G6). These results suggest that LJF-HE (G4, G5, and G6) has the ability to inhibit on indomethacin-induced gastritis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.690-696
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of extracts from Canavalia gladiata (CGE) on gastric inflammation induced by alcohol treatment in SD rats. Rats were divided into four groups: G1 (normal group), G2 (gastric inflammation induced by alcohol), G3 (gastric inflammation induced by alcohol with lansoprazole pretreatment), G4 (gastric inflammation induced by alcohol with 250 mg/kg b.w. CGE pretreatment), G5 (gastric inflammation induced by alcohol with 500 mg/kg b.w. CGE pretreatment). After the oral administration of 40% alcohol and samples for seven days, acute gastritis was induced with 70% alcohol and 0.15 M HCl. After 1 h of alcohol administration, the animals were sacrificed. Groups pretreated with lansoprazole or CGE showed an attenuation of gastric mucosal injury, including decreases in sub-epithelial loss, hemorrhages, and gastric juice secretion induced by administration of alcohol. The oral administration of CGE (500 mg/kg b.w.) significantly decreased the levels of TBARS. To examine molecular factors that regulate inflammation, the protein expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ and COX-2 were measured through immuno-histochemistry. Compared with the normal group (G1), the expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ and COX-2 were clearly increased in G2. COX-2 and NF-${\kappa}B$ were expressed even higher in groups pretreated with CGE compared to G2. In conclusion, our data show that Canavalia gladiata has inhibitory and protective effects on gastric inflammation induced by alcohol treatment in SD rats.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2016

Histological and morphological development of the digestive tract of sevenband grouper were observed from after hatching to 60 days. Fishes were fed with rotifer (Brachionus rotundiformis) and chlorella (Chlorella ellipsoidea) after hatching from 2 to 20 days rotifer and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) in after 20 days rotifer, brine shrimp and semi-dry artificial diet in after 23 days. Histological and morphological development of ten larvae was observed by paraffin embedding method after fixing in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Sevenband grouper RLG showed characteristics of carnivorous fish by average 0.87. Larvae after hatching can't open the mouth and anus digestive tract was observed in a straight line following yolk sac. Larvae was observed feeding activity by opening the mouth and anus. Metamorphosis started 8 days after hatching. Esophagus divided four layer, and goblet cell was observed in esophagus, mid intestine and rectum. Larvae started cannibalism and it was caused by difference of growth. The inside of stomach was differentiated to cardiac orifice, body of stomach, pyloric stomach, and pyloric caeca. Goblet cell was observed all intestine. Gastric gland differentiated after hatching 28 days in stomach. Secretion of gastric juice was found at stomach and mucosal fold pyloric caeca. Even thought the inside of stomach expended and the number of gastric gland increased consistently and goblet cell in intestine and mucosa became longer, histochemical changes follow couldn't be found during transforming juveniles 38 days after hatching.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.369-375
• /
• 1997

General pharmacological effects of SB-31$^{R}$, the extracts of Pulsatilla koreana, were investigated in mice, rats and guinea-pigs. Intravenous injection of SB-31 (3 and 6 ml/kg) produced almost no effect on central nervous system no effects on the general symptom and behaviors of mice, spontaneous locomotor activity, pentobarbital- induced sleeping time , rotared performance , electroshock and pentylenetertrazole -induced seizures, acetic acid-induced writhing and normal body temperature in mice. SB-31 showed little effects on the spontaneous movement of the isolated ileum and contraction induced by agonists in isolated ileum, suggesting no influence on autonomic nervous system. Administration of SB-31 also did not show any effect on blood pressure in conscious rats. However, a slight decrease in heart rate was observed at high doses (6 and 10 ml/kg) of SB-31 in conscious rats. Similarly, a slight increase in respiratory rate was observed at 6 m1/kg of SB-31 in anesthetized rats. SB-31 did not produce any effect at the dose of 3 ml/kg, but showed a tendency to increase the urinary volume at 6 ml/kg, and produced a decrease in urinary excretions of N $a_{+}$and $K_{+}$at 6 ml/kg. However, transport capacity within the gastrointestinal tract and the secretion of the gastric juice were not influenced by 6 ml/kg of SB-31. In conclusion, these results suggest that SB-31 did not pro-duce any acute effects on the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, respiratory and circulatory systems, digestive system and kidney function at the dose of below 3 ml/kg.ml/kg.