• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.129-139
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical properties and functional characteristics, such as general composition and bioactivity compounds contents of fresh and blanched (at $95^{\circ}C$, for 5min) garlic shoot from Namhae. Also, evaluated antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of water and ethanol extract of fresh and blanched garlic shoot. The moisture content of fresh garlic steam was $ 85.14{\pm}0.35%$, crude protein and crude lipid were $0.79{\pm}0.26%$ and $2.96{\pm}0.03%$ respectively. Vitamin C content was higher in fresh garlic shoot ($7.07{\pm}0.84mg/100g$) than blanched. Total phenol and total chlorophyll contents were respectively $16.93{\pm}1.17mM/g$ and $6.70{\pm}0.46mg/g$ in fresh garlic shoot. Allicin content of blanched garlic shoot was $128.63{\pm}1.59mM/g$. This content was 1.82 times higher than the fresh garlic shoot. Total pyruvate content was higher in fresh garlic shoot ($24.63{\pm}1.59mM/g$), but thiosulfinate was higher in fresh garlic shoot. Total flavonoide was the highest in water extract of blanched garlic shoot ($3.67{\pm}0.00mM/g$). ABTS radical scavenging activity of water extract form blanched garlic shoot was $85.09{\pm}0.28%$, which was higher than the other extracts. NO radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract from blanched garlic shoot was significantly higher than the extracts from fresh garlic shoot. Antibacterial activity to S. aureus, S. enterica, B. cereus and E. coli was only indicated in water extract of fresh garlic shoot.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.884-892
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the increase of S-allylcysteine content, a biomarker of black garlic, during its aging period, as well as the serum lipid-lowering effects of black garlic extract in high fat diet fed rats. The highest content of S-allylcysteine was observed on the 15th day of the aging period. Sensory evaluation was also estimated to be extremely good on the 15th day of the aging period. High fat diet rats with induced hyperlipidemia were fed diets containing black garlic extract of low, medium, and high doses for 6 weeks. No significant difference in body weight gain and food efficiency was observed between normal, placebo and black garlic fed groups. Liver weight was significantly higher in black garlic fed groups than in the normal group. Total serum cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly lower in low, medium, and high dose groups than in the normal group. Also, HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher and LDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in black garlic diet fed groups than in the normal group. Hepatic levels including total lipid and cholesterol were especially decreased in the black garlic diet fed group than in the placebo group. These results suggest that black garlic intake reduces the levels of serum and hepatic cholesterol in high fat diet fed rats. In conclusion, black garlic has a potential to be used as a functional health food ingredient with beneficial effects on lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 2007

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) with the food supplement material and medicine was used traditionally in Asia and Europe. Epidemiological studies revealed that the intake of garlic reduced incidences of various cancer including digestive system. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of garlic ethanol extract on the development of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male F344 rats. Five-week-old rats were given four times for two weeks to subcutaneous injections by DMH (30 mg/kg body weight) to induce ACF. The animals were divided into groups that fed diet containing garlic ethanol extract at five different doses (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 2, 5%), respectively, animals were evaluated for the total number of ACF and total aberrant crypts (AC) per colon detected from methylene blue-stained rat colon. ACF were formed in animals in DMH-treated group. The feeding suppressed potently the appearance ACF in the colon of rats. Especially, fed diet containing garlic ethanol extract at intermediate dose (0.5%) significantly reduced the number of ACF and AC per colon (p < 0.05). Garlic ethanol extract inhibited DMH-induced overexpression of Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) and ${\beta}-catenin$ genes related to cell proliferation that also upregulated the expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 mRNA, a cell cycle-regulating gene. These results suggested that garlic ethanol extract may inhibit ACF formation, ${\beta}-catenin$ gene as the early preneoplastic marker of malignant potential in the process of colon carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.875-883
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a diet supplemented with garlic extract and vitamin B complex on fatigue recovery from swimming load test in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a non-swimming control group (Normal) and swimming load test groups. Swimming load test groups were re-divided into swimming control group (Control), 1% of 60 brix garlic extract fed group (SG), vitamin B complex twice mixture fed group (SV) and 1% of 60 brix garlic extract and vitamin B group twice mixture fed group (SGV). Concentration of plasma lipids and glucose were determined in the rats post-swimming. Concentration of plasma glucose, total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased in the control group compared to the non-swimming control group (p<0.05), and these levels were shown to be significantly lower in the SG, SV and SGV groups than in the control group. The SGV group showed the lowest level, however, there was no significant difference between the SG and SV groups. There was no significant difference in HDL-cholesterol concentrations between the normal group and control group, but its concentration was the highest in the SG ($45.95{\pm}5.52$ mg/dl) group. LDL-cholesterol concentration was the highest in the control group, but it was decreased significantly in the SGV group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a diet supplemented with 1% 60 brix garlic extract and vitamin B group twice mixture has beneficial effects on fatigue recovery in swimming load tests.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.349-357
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• 2011

This study was performed to examine the quality and antioxidant activity of pork ham with various levels of black garlic extracts. Pork ham manufactured from black garlic extracts with 15 brix (1% (H1), 1.5% (H2), 2% (H3)) and 30 brix (0.2% (H4), 0.5% (H5), 1% (H6) were stored for 28 days at $8{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and analyzed with an interval of 7 days. In the sensory evaluation, the garlic odor was increased as the garlic extract adding level larger, whereas color, flavor, juiciness, texture and acceptability were not showed significant differences. The pH values of pork products were increased as the level of black garlic extracts increased. The shear force value of groups (H4~H6) with the addition of 30 brix extracts addition were significantly higher than those groups with 15 brix extracts addition (H1~H3) throughout the storage period. Furthermore, the TBARS (thiobarbutric acid reactive substance) content of the pork ham containing various levels of black garlic extract were lower than that of the control group as storage period increased. Thus, black garlic extracts have a potential application for the pork products to inhibit of lipid oxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.204-212
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities, total phenol, and flavonoid contents of 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and chloroform-methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v) extracts from garlic (Allium sativum L.) peels. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt] radical scavenging activity, ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Total phenol and flavonoid were in a range of 32.59-63.05 mg CAE/g, 5.26-9.22 mg QE/g, respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid were predominant with the values of $63.05{\pm}0.20mgCAE/g$ and $9.22{\pm}0.17mgQE/g$ in 70% ethanol extract. Additionally, 70% ethanol extract also displayed the strongest antioxidant activity followed by 70% methanol extract and CM extract in all assays. These results showed that garlic peel can be used as natural antioxidant in nutraceutical preparations to prevent human diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 2003

First. the purification and analysis of alliin in garlic from different origins by alliin-HPLC determination method were studied. Allinase in garlic was inactivated by heating in boiling water followed by extraction of alliin in garlic with 80% methanol. To remove free amino acids and alliin homologs in garlic, garlic extract was separated by cation exchange column which was packed with amberlite CG-120 resin using 40L d-water as eluent. Alliin in garlic extract was crystallized in a mixture of acetone (50$^{\circ}C$)：H$_2$O：acetic acid=70:29:1 and then recrystallized in a mixture of acetone (50$^{\circ}C$)：H$_2$O：acetic acid=75:24:1. Obtained alliin was identified by melting point. TLC, microscope observation and mass spectrometry. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following pre-column derivatization of cystein derivatives with o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol has succeessfully been applied to the analysis of various garlics. Each alliic of standard solution and garlic extract was derivatized to isoindole derivative by o-phthaldialdehyde /2-mercaptoethanol and then analyzed by HPLC. Six point calibration was done by using alliin peak area. Lineality was observed at 0 ∼ 1.0mg/ml of alliin concentration. Weighted regression line function was Y=6254X - 256077. By this function, alliin contents in various garlics were 0.34 ∼ 0.73% fresh weight. Second study was designed to evaluate the effects of garlic extracts of various concentrations on the growth of various pathogenes (Eubacterium limonsum, Bacteroides fragilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Kiebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pserdomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli). For antimicrobial effects against microorganism, totally minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of alliin were from 5,000 to 20,000ppm. MIC of ethanol extract were 1,250 to 10,000ppm.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1036-1048
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• 2021

This study investigated the possible improvement in the antioxidative status and quality characteristics of ready-to-eat (RTE) Samgyetang after adding various black garlic (BG) extracts. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), meat quality indexes, and lipid oxidation rates were measured after receiving one of five different treatments consisting of conventional Samgyetang broth as a negative control, raw garlic (RG) extract as a positive control, BG, oven-dried BG, and maltodextrin-encapsulated BG extract as treatments. Employing retort cooking, fat trimmed carcasses were added to the initially prepared broth together with a phenolic extract that was set at 5% (w/w). A significant intensification of red and yellow color was observed in breast and thigh meat treated with BG extracts, regardless of pretreatment, compared to the negative control and RG. The moisture percentage was affected by the addition of BG extracts, where the encapsulation group retained the highest water content after retorting. In terms of antioxidative status, maltodextrin-encapsulated BG extract was as effective as an oven-dried extract to scavenge free radicals and showed the highest score among samples (p<0.01). The concentration of TFC was found to be the highest and did not differ between encapsulation and oven-dried groups, followed by BG, RG, and the negative control. However, the addition of encapsulated BG extract was the most effective in delaying the formation of malondialdehyde among the samples. Therefore, pre-treatment of BG extract through encapsulation is recommended to develop a higher antioxidative status and quality characteristics of Samgyetang.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.503-510
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• 2010

Different amounts of black garlic extract(0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12%(W/W)) were added to white pan bread, and the quality characteristics were evaluated. The pH and density of dough was decreased with increasing concentration of black garlic extract. There was no marked difference in the fermentation power of the dough expansion among the samples. The pH of bread decreased, and there were no significant differences in baking loss rate, dough yield or bread specific volume as the concentration of black garlic extract was increased. Regarding crust and crumb color values, lightness gradually diminished with increased amounts of black garlic extract in bread, whereas redness and yellowness increased. For measurement of texture, the highest hardness and gumminess of bread were observed in the 1% added group, and there was no remarkable difference between the 3% added group and control. Sensory evolution was the highest when 6% black garlic extract was added, but there were no significant differences in terms of color or overall acceptability. The results imply that addition of black garlic extract to white pan bread created a healthy and functional bread.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.633-644
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate effect of dried powders and ethanol extracts of garlic flesh and peel on antioxidative capacity in 16-month- old rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 618.1$\pm$6.5g were blocked into five groups according to body weight and raised for 3 months with experimental diets containing 5% (w/w) of dried powders of garlic flesh or peel, or ethanol extracts from equal amount of each dried powder. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, /3 -carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were determined in garlic preparations. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in plasma, liver and VLDL + LDL fraction, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine, 80HdG) in kidney, xanthine oxidase (XO) activities in plasma and liver, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocyte and liver, and carotenoid concentration, and total antioxidant status (TAS) in plasma were measured. Total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in garlic preparations were highest in peel ethanol extract. Vitamin C content was not different significantly among preparations, but peel powder contains slightly more vitamin C. The content of $\beta$-carotene was highest in peel ethanol extract and vitmain E content was highest in flesh ethanol extract. The highest level of TAS was observed in peel ethanol extract. Plasma TBARS levels in all the experimental groups were found to be significantly lower than control group, and TBARS concentration in VLDL + LDL fraction was decreased in all the experimental groups in comparison to control group. Also levels of 80HdG in kidney in experimental groups were lower than that of control group. Plasma and liver XO activities were. decreased in all experimental groups, and erythrocyte and liver SOD activities were higher in experimental groups compared to control group. All experimental groups also showed higher plasma TAS levels than control group. Especially, garlic flesh powder group was significantly lower in plasma and liver XO activities, and significantly higher in erythrocyte and liver SOD activities than control group. Moreover, plasma TBARS level and kidney 8OHdG level were decreased in flesh powder group. In conclusion, garlic diets showed effect of improving antioxidative capacity in 16-month old rats, especially, garlic flesh powder was prominent in inhibiting XO activity, promoting SOD activity and decreasing kidney 8OHdG level among experimental groups.