• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.720-728
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• 2011

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used as a source food as well as a traditional folk medicine ingredient since ancient times. Aged black garlic is a type of fermented garlic and is expected to have stronger anticancer and antioxidant activities than raw garlic. However, the mechanisms of their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis are poorly understood. In the present study, the effects and mechanisms of water extracts of raw garlic (WERG) and aged black garlic (WEABG) on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were investigated. Treatment with WEABG significantly suppressed terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet number and lipid content through Oil Red O staining, however WERG had no such effect. In addition, WEABG reduced accumulation of cellular triglyceride, which is associated with a significant inhibition of key pro-adipogenic transcription factors including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ (PPAR${\gamma}$), cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (CCAAT)/enhancer binding proteins ${\alpha}$ (C/EBP${\alpha}$) and C/EBP${\beta}$. Taken together, these results provide important new insight that aged black garlic might inhibit adipogenesis by suppressing the pro-adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds that confer the anti-obesity activity of aged black garlic.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.446-454
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• 2017

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and traditional herb has several functional properties and strong biological activities, making it useful as a functional food material. We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of mixed compounds from red garlic and supplementary materials, including ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), quince (Chaenomeles sinensis), citrus peel (Citri Pericarpium), and mint (Mentha arvensis). The extracts were prepared with water (W) and ethanol (E) at $70^{\circ}C$ (W-70, E-70) and $95^{\circ}C$ (W-95, E-95) for 3 h. The total content of phenolic compounds was the highest in E-70 (608.60 mg/100 g). Alliin, one of the active ingredients in red garlic, was contained at 1.18-1.29 mg/g and 0.81-0.85 mg/g in water and ethanol extract, respectively. Another active ingredient of red garlic, S-allyl-cysteine (SAC) had higher content in the water extract than in the ethanol extracts. DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in E-70 (15.96-73.65%) at $313-5,000{\mu}g/mL$. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also higher in E-70 (5.71-77.19%) than in the others. The ROS production rate showed the same tendency as the NO production, with more efficacy in E-95. The expression level of iNOS and $IL-1{\beta}$ was decreased in the E-95 significantly at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated group. Based on the above results, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts of red garlic and supplementary materials were expressed by different useful substances. The contents of these useful substances were different according to the extraction solvent and temperature.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.406-412
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is to develop functional food with garlics(Allium sativum var. pekinense) as a healthy food. Fermented garlic broth(FGB)s were prepared with whole bulb of garlics preserved in sugar and sugar syrup, then fermented and aged at room temperature for 36 months. Biological activities of FGBs were tested antibacterial, antioxidative, fibrinolytic activities and analyzed for polyphenol contents. The total polyphenol contents of FGBs in 12~36 month fermented broth(870~885 mg/100 mL of broth) had significantly higher than those of 1~6 months fermented broths(p<0.001). The electron donating abilities(EDAs) and SOD-like activities of 24~36 month fermented broth had significantly higher than those of 1~6 months fermented broths(p<0.05). FGBs had shown strong antibacterial activities against four kinds of pathogenic bacteria(L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7, and Sal. typhimurium). The fibrinolytic activities of 24~36 months fermented broth had more than twice of the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin. FGBs had increasing activities in antibacterial, antioxidative and fibrinolytic activity as the progress of fermentation period. FGBs can be used as natural antioxidant to prevent oxidative damage on normal cells probably because of their antibacterial, antioxidative and fibrinolytic activities.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.380-385
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• 2006

To establish law-put fertilization technique and increase of fertilization efficiency during cultivation of vinyl mulching for plant, the improvement of soil properties, nutrition efficiency and yields by band spotty fertilization(BSF) using band spotty applicator was carried out at garlic(Alltuiti sativum L.) field in Honam Agricultural Research Institute from 2001 to 2002 for 2 years. The value of pH and the content of total nitrogen, organic matter, exchangeable potassium and calcium of soil after experiment were increased but the content of available phosphate was decreased than soil before experiment. Uptake amounts of nitrogen fertilized by plants were more than in BSF plots($89{\sim}111kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF(conventional fertilization) Plot ($76kg\;ha^{-1}$) and nitrogen use efficiency were high in BSF plots(42.9~58.2%) compared to in CF plot(34.9%). Also Uptake amounts of potassium fertilized by plants were more than in BSF plots($34{\sim}58kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($33kg\;ha^{-1}$) and potassium use efficiency were high in BSF plots(21.6~41.2%) compared to in CF plot(19.4%). Residual amount of nitrogen fertilized on soil were more than in BSF plots($38{\sim}54kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($22kg\;ha^{-1}$) while loss amount of nitrogen fertilized on soil were less than in BSF plots($32{\sim}53kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($120kg\;ha^{-1}$). Also Residual amount of potassium fertilized on soil were more than in 100% BSF plot($109kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($72kg\;ha^{-1}$) while loss amount of nitrogen fertilized on soil were less than in BSF plots($14{\sim}38kg\;ha^{-1}$) compared to in CF plot($113kg\;ha^{-1}$). The BSF plots were increased plant height, leaf number, leaf sheath diameter, bulb diameter and height compared to CF plot. The total yields of garlic were more increased 14~19% because of high large bulb rate, commercial yields in 70, 100% BSF plots compared to in CF plot($102.9Mg\;ha^{-1}$). It was found that 70% band spotty fertilization was more effective as fertilization method to reduce both environmental pollution and chemical nitrogen fertilizer in plastic film mulching cultivation.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.191-210
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• 2021

To compare the antifungal effect of two nanomaterials (NMs), nanoparticles of zinc oxide were synthesized by a chemical route and zinc oxide-based nanobiohybrids were obtained using green synthesis in an extract of garlic (Allium sativum). The techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopies and Scanning (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopies (TEM) were used to determine the characteristics of the nanomaterials synthesized. The results showed that the samples obtained were of nanometric size (< 100 nm). To compare their antifungal capacity, their effect on Cercospora sp. was evaluated. Test results showed that both nanomaterials had an antifungal capacity. The nanobiohybrids (green route) gave an inhibition of fungal growth of ~72.4% while with the ZnO-NPs (chemical route), inhibition was ~87.1%. Microstructural studies using High Resolution Optical Microscopy (HROM) and ultra-structural analysis using TEM carried out on the treated strains demonstrated the effect of the nanofungicides on the vegetative and reproductive structures, as well as on their cell wall. To account for the antifungal effect presented by ZnO-NPs and ZnO nanobiohybrids on the fungi tested, effects reported in the literature related to the action of nanomaterials on biological entities were considered. Specifically, we discuss the electrical interaction of the ZnO-NPs with the cell membrane and the biomolecules (proteins) present in the fungi, taking into account the n-type nature of the ZnO semiconductor and the electrical behavior of the fungal cell membrane and that of the proteins that make up the protein crown.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 1988

The relationship between the sulfur fertilization, and the quality and yield of garlic was investigated. The garlic was grown in pot and field at the five fertilization levels of sulfur. The growth characteristics, yield and flavour components of the garlic were studied. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The sulfur applications contributed to a weight and yield of the bulb in SP-10 (10kg/10a) and SF-20 (20kg/10a) significantly, respectively. 2. From the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of garlic, fourteen organie sulfur components were separated, identified and quantified by GC and GC/MASS and the SP-10 and SF-20 were higher in the concentration of the flavour components in the volatile oil than other treatments. 3. It is considered that the organic sulfur components were synthesized in the top and transported to the bulb of the garlic. 4. In conclusion, SF-20, 20kg/sulfur per 10a, could be recommended to get maximum yield and a good quality of garlic in view of evaluation through the contents of organic sulfur components in the volatile oil and the yield of the bulb.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

Thiacremonone, the main component isolated from heated garlic (Allium sativum L.), is interested for using as a cancer preventive or therapeutic agent since garlic has been known to be useful plant in the treatment of cancers. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) is constitutively activated in the prostate cancer and activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ is implicated in drug resistance in cancer cells. Docetaxel, a semisynthetic analog of paclitaxel, is an antineoplastic drug widely used for advanced various cancer. In previous studies, we found that thiacremonone inhibited activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ in cancer cells and marcrophages. In the present study, we investigated whether thiacremonone could increase susceptibility of prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU145) to docetaxel via inactivation of NF-${\kappa}B$. We found that the combination treatment of thiacremonone (50 ${\mu}g$/ml) with docetaxel (5 nM) was more effective in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth and induction of apoptosis accompanied with the significant inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity than those by the treatment of thiacremonone or docetaxel alone. It was also found that NF-${\kappa}B$ target gene expression of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 was much more significantly enhanced, but the expression of Bcl-2 was also much more significantly inhibited by the combination treatment. These results indicate that thiacremonone inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$, and enhances the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel. Thus, thiacremonone could be useful as an adjuvant anti-cancer agent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effects of a mixture of pinecone oil, garlic, and brown seaweed extracts (PGBE) on milk production traits as well as physiological and ethological parameters in Holstein cows during the summer season (24 May to 03 July 2015, Korea). Methods: Among the extract combinations tested, we found that the level of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylberzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical scavenging activity of the 0.16% PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) was comparable to that of the control (ascorbic acid; 1 mg/mL). Additionally, the PBGE complex reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Based on these findings, 40 lactating Holstein cows were used to measure the effects of PBGE complex at ratio of 1:1:1 (vol/vol) on milk production, immune response, metabolites, and behavior patterns by dividing the cows into two groups fed diets containing PGBE complex (n = 20; 0.016%/kg feed dry matter basis) or not containing PGBE complex (control, n = 20) for 40 d. Results: Results showed that PGBE complex did not influence milk composition, eating and ear surface temperature patterns, immune response, or metabolic parameters but promoted average milk yield throughout the experimental period. Additionally, a tendency of higher total antioxidant capacity and glutathione in the PGBE group was observed compared to the those in the control. When the temperature-humidity index (THI) exceeded 72 (average THI = 73.8), PGBE complex-fed cows experiencing heat stress showed increased milk yield and a tendency of increased rumination compared to the control. Conclusion: We suggest that incorporation of a combined mixture of 0.016% PGBE (1:1:1 ratio, vol/vol) to diet has the potential to improve milk yield and health status of cows under mild to moderate heat stress, denoting that it might be useful as an alternative anti-stressor in the diet of dairy cows under hot conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 1993

The present paper was investigated in the inhibitory action of vegetable and seaweed water-soluble extracts on the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA). The vegetable and seaweed extracts obtained from garlic(Allium sativum), onion(Allium cepa), green onion(Allium fistuiosum), chinese pepper(Fagara mandshurica), green pepper(Capsicum annuum), red pepper(Capsicum annuum), ginger(Zingiber officinale), carrot(Daucus carota), laver(Porphyra tenera), sea lettuce(Entero compresa), sea mustard(Undaria pinnatifida) and sea staghorn(Codium fragile) were incubated with sodium nitrite-dimethylamine mixtures at $37^{\circ}C$ under different pH conditions The formation of NDMA was reduced to $10{\sim}40\%\;and\;25{\sim}50\%$ by the addition of vegetable and seaweed extracts 30mg at pH 1.2, respectively. The inhibition degree by the extracts at pH 1.2 was similiar to that at pH 4.2 and to that by ascorbic acid at pH 1.2. The inhibitory action of the extracts against NDMA formation was not decreased by heat treatment at $80^{\circ}C$ for 10min, but decreased by the treatment of sodium borohydride. It is assumed that reducing powers of the extracts participated in their inhibitory actions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.83-88
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• 1969

In order to inhibit sprouting of garlics during the storage period and the extend their storage life, garlics were irradiated by gamma-rays $(Co^{60})$ and kept at room temperature. The effects of gammaradiation on sprouting inhibition, chemical contents during storage, and spoilage molds were investigated and the results are as follows. 1. Garlics obtained from Muan showed the shorter dormancy period and sprouted earlier than those from Dangjin. 2. Regarding the radioresistance, some differences were found between garlics from Muan and Dangjin. 3. The sprout of garlics from both areas was completely inhibited at 10 Krad and remarkable effect on sprouting was observed even with 5 Krad in case of garlics from Dangjin. 4. The rates of loss in moisture and weight were lower in irradiated lots than control. 5. Change of sugar content was not observed with ${\gamma}-irradiation$ under 300 Krad. 6. Spores of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus alliaceus were little germinated at a level of 300 Krad.