• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.315-317
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• 1993

To understand the molecular structure and pathogenesis mechanism of Korean garlic viruses (GV), virus particles were isolated from field-grown garlic leaves and RNA genome was isolated from them. It was used for constructing cDNA library for GV. Several cDNA clones for GV were isolated and classified into 4 different groups on the basis of cross Southern hybridization. Northern blot analysis of GV RNA with one of these cDNA clones shows that the clone is a cDNA for GV RNA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1779-1784
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of various garlic extracts on cholesterol synthesis in HepG2 cells. Raw garlic, grilled garlic, and freeze dried garlic were subjected to cold water extraction, and extracts were incubated at room temperature for 1 min or 60 min. The extracts were treated to HepG2 cells for 4 h, and cholesterol synthesis and mRNA expression level of HMG-CoA reductase were investigated. The alliin contents were reduced when garlic was incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Raw garlic extracts showed lower intracellular cholesterol contents compared to that of the control group. However, raw garlic extracts incubated for 60 min showed no differences compared to the control group. Freeze-dried garlic extract showed minimum intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol contents. Relative mRNA expression level of HMG-CoA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, decreased in the garlic extracts. Compared with 60 min, garlic extracts incubated for 1 min showed a reduced level of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. The freeze-dried garlic extract reduced mRNA expression level of HMG-CoA reductase in a dose-dependent manner in cells treated with 5% of 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/mL in medium, and the effect was maxed out at dose of 5% garlic extract at 1.0 mg/mL in medium.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2015

In this research, we surveyed the yield change of garlic cultivation with seed bulbs according to annual field culture after induced meristem culture. From 2007 to 2013, yearly produced seed bulbs from $2^{nd}$ to $8^{th}$ generation were cultivated in the Muan field. Over the generations, the general growth characteristics such as the plant height, leaf number, leaf length and stem diameter were all decreased. When we compared the conventional seed bulbs and TCR ones, the plant height and stem diameter showed bigger difference. And the TCR seed bulbs showed a week late harvest time against the conventional ones. The yield of $2^{nd}$ generation was 72.3 g and 57.1 g for the $8^{th}$ generation. However every generation showed higher yield than conventional seed garlic's ones as 43.9 g. The yield index showed the same trend as $2^{nd}-8^{th}$ to 63% to 21%. After the tissue culture of garlics, the viral infections (OYDV and GSV) of TCR was far less than that of conventional ones. In case of LYSV, the infection ratio was 6.7% at $2^{nd}$ generation and 26% at $8^{th}$. However, the ratio was far less than that (80%) of the conventional ones.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.219-221
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate seed bulbs production of 'Namdo' garlic (Allium sativum L.) by treating with 200 mM $K_3PO_4$ and 200 mM $KNO_3$ solution to bulbils. The growth characteristics of garlic plants derived from bulbils sown on 3 different dates were compared to those of plants derived from non-treated bulbils. Time required for 50% shoot emergence ($T_{50}$) was shortened as the sowing dates delayed. However, the final emergence rate was increased in the early sowing dates, and was high when treated with $K_3PO_4$ and sown on Oct. 10. The % clove differentiation of bulb was not significantly affected by sowing date and chemicals treatment of the bulbils. In all treatments, % clove differentiation was greater than 85%. The average bulb weight was increased with earlier sowing. Bulbils treated with $K_3PO_4$ and sown on Oct. 10 exhibited the best growth and yield. which was 27% higher compared to the non-treated bulbils.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.339-349
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• 2009

Garlic (Allium sativum, L.) has a long history of reputed value and actual use for its medicinal, antimicrobial, and pesticidal properties. This study was conducted to find possible developments to natural food preservatives from garlic extracts. Garlic extracts were prepared from fresh crushed garlic and diluted with sterilize distilled water. The sensitivity test was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract against six strains of food poisoning bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichea coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Bacillus subtilis, and Listeria monocytogenes. The results of sensitivity test were then compared with those of Vancomycin and Imipenem which were used as treatment for G. (+) bacteria and G. (-) bacteria, respectively. All of the 6 tested strains exhibited strong or moderate activity. V. parahemolyticus exhibited susceptible only in undiluted solution, but not in diluted garlic extracts.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1981

In 1944 Cavallito and Bailey first extracted an essential oil, a powerful antibacterial principle, from the garlic and named it allicin. Later Stoll and Seeback elucidated that allicin was produced from alliin by the enzymatic action of arinase. Damaru observed the depressor responses following intraperitoneal administration of garlic juice in cats. And Thiersch presented evidence that garlic had a protective action against experimental arterosclerosis in cholesterol-fed animals. On the other hand it was also reported that anemias were caused by long-term ingestion of garlic as a result of reduction in hemoglobin and RBC. From the experiment in which the effect of garlic on the blood sugar level was studied, Lee insisted garlic elevated blood sugar level. However, August and Jain claimed that hypoglycemia was induced by garlic administration. Recently Bordia and Bansal suggested that essential oils extracted from onion and garlic have a strong preventive effect on hyperlipemia and prolonged coagulation time resulted from fat-feeding. Furthermore Bordia et al indicated that garlic exerted a strong fibrinolytic activity. In early 1920 s Sugihara reported that essential oil of garlic not only decreased arterial blood pressure but also had a paralytic effect on the isolated heart and intestinal strip of animals. The present study was proposed to investigate the effect of garlic juice and the mechanism of its action on the motility of the isolated rabbit duodenum. The motility of the isolated duodenum was recorded on polygraph by means of force transducer connected with Magnus apparatus. And the isolated duodenum was separtely pretreated with $acetylcholine(5{\times}10^{-7}\;gm/ml)$, $pilocarpine(2.5{\times}10^{-6}\;gm/ml)$, $histamine(5{\times}10^{-6}\;gm/ml)$ and barium $chloride(2.5{\times}10^{-5}\;gm/ml)$ in order to find out interations of these drugs with ASJ. The results obtained were as follows; At concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% ASJ markedly inhibited contractions of isolated duodenum while tonus as well as contractility of the isolated intestine were decreased also with 0.5% and 1.0% ASJ. Since ASJ markedly abolished augmented motility of isolated intestine by histamine and partly reduced that by $BaCl_2$, it is strongly suggested that inhibitory action of ASJ on the intestinal motility is caused mainly by its antihistamine effect and partly by its direct action on the intestinal smooth muscle.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.471-474
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• 2009

Formaldehyde (FA) is a carcinogenic compound present in cigarette smoke. In this study, the amount of formaldehyde was analyzed in 5 kinds of cigarettes and the inhibitory effect of plant volatile extracts on the formation of FA was investigated. After extraction of the cigarette sample, FA was converted into its thiazolidine derivatives by reaction with cysteamine, and then measured using a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). The concentrations of FA in cigarette smoke were found between 138.24 and $217.82{\mu}mol/g$ cigarette smoke. Extracts isolated from Welsh onion (Allium cepa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), crown daisy (Chrylsanthemum coronarium L.), green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and sesame dropwort (Oenanthe javanica DC) were used for analyzing their inhibitory effects on the formation of FA. The inhibitory effects of extracts of Welsh onion, garlic, crown daisy, green pepper, and sesame dropwort on the formation of FA were 64, 47, 38, 47, and 19%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.723-727
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• 2002

Conformational changes of allivin, a major allergen protein in garlic, by gamma irradiation were observed. Allium solution (3.0 mg/mL in 0.01 M PBS, pH 7.4) and raw garlic were irradiated in a gamma irradiation facility to be absorbed with doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kGy. After irradiation, a half of irradiated allivin solution was filtered through 0.22 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ filtration kit. UV spectrum and SDS-PAGE were used for observing the conformational changes of allivin by gamma irradiation. Turbidity of allivin solution was increased by optical observation, and the result was validated by the increase of absorbance at 660 m. Turbidity of irradiated and filtered allivin solution significantly (p<0.05) decreased, and the concentration of soluble protein in the solution decreased by increase of the dose. Aggregation among allivin molecules was observed by SDS-PAGE, but irradiated and filtered samples showed decrease of allivin with reducing aggregation trend. SDS-PAGE profiles of irradiated raw garlic were not different. Results indicate that gamma irradiation can decrease the allivin in solution state which may impact on allergenic reaction of garlic.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.5-9
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• 2004

Garlic industries in Korea faced with a increasing difficulty because of the pressure of garlic importation from China is ever increasing than before. Therefore this study was conducted to produce low-cost garlics by mechanized cultivation and the results are as follows. A. By applying machinery(stem cutter and size separator, seeder, harvester) the labor was saved over 70% compare with the conventional cultivation B. Growth characteristics and yield showed no difference in mechanized and conventional cultivation of northern-type garlic. C. When scales were sown by seeder, the sowing-depth varied between 3 to 6cm and the rate of 2-plants emergence in one hole was 14.5%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 1998

This study was conducted to blow the effect of postharvest physiological changes on garlic quality according to its ecotypes and storage temperatures. The changes of water, total soluble solids, crude stein, md total fructans were measured and the rates of respiration and sprouting were analyzed during storage at 20$^{\circ}C$ and 30$^{\circ}C$. The decrease of water content and the increase of total soluble solids were reversely appeared during garlic storage. The crude protein content was gradually increased during storage but total fructan content was decrased. The respiration late was maximized at 60days after storage and the spouting rate was gradually increased. In the aspect of ecotypic characteristics, the water content, fructan content and sprouting rate were higher in 'Namdo' cultivar than those of southern type. The high storage temperature (30$^{\circ}C$) controlled spouting and loss of fructan, and it was effective to maintain the garlic quality.