• 제목/요약/키워드: gamma-spectrometer

검색결과 117건 처리시간 0.026초

Analytical-numerical formula for estimating the characteristics of a cylindrical NaI(Tl) gamma-ray detector with a side-through hole

  • Thabet, Abouzeid A.;Badawi, Mohamed S.
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제54권10호
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    • pp.3795-3802
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    • 2022
  • NaI(Tl) scintillation materials are considered to be one of many materials that are used exclusively for γ-ray detection and spectroscopy. The gamma-ray spectrometer is not an easy-to-use device, and the accuracy of the numerical values must be carefully checked based on the rules of the calibration technique. Therefore, accurate information about the detection system and its effectiveness is of greater importance. The purpose of this study is to estimate, using an analytical-numerical formula (ANF), the purely geometric solid angle, geometric efficiency, and total efficiency of a cylindrical NaI(Tl) γ-ray detector with a side-through hole. This type of detector is ideal for scanning fuel rods and pipelines, as well as for performing radio-immunoassays. The study included the calculation of the complex solid angle, in combination with the use of various points like gamma sources, located axially and non-axially inside the through detector side hole, which can be applied in a hypothetical method for calibrating the facility. An extended γ-ray energy range, the detector, source dimensions, "source-to-detector" geometry inside the side-through hole, path lengths of γ-quanta photons crossing the facility, besides the photon average path length inside the detector medium itself, were studied and considered. This study is very important for an expanded future article where the radioactive point source can be replaced by a volume source located inside the side-trough hole of the detector, or by a radioactive pipeline passing through the well. The results provide a good and useful approach to a new generation of detectors that can be used for low-level radiation that needs to be measured efficiently.

비산석탄회의 방사능 농도 분석 (Analysis of Radioactivity in Coal Fly Ash)

  • 신현상;이명호;김미경;박두원;이창우;이동석
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.187-193
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    • 1999
  • 국내 석탄화력발전소에서 발생되는 비산석탄회의 방사능 농도 분석을 수행하였고 재활용을 위한 방사능 함량의 유해도를 평가하였다. TBP 용매추출법과 알파스펙트로베타를 사용하여 비산석탄회에 존재하는 우라늄 동위원소($^{238}U,\;^{235}U,\;^{234}U$)의 방사능 농도를 측정하였으며, 감마스펙트로메타를 사용하여 $^{226}Ra,\;^{232}Th,\;^{40}K$ 등의 방사능 농도를 결정하였다. 우라늄 동위원소의 농도측정 결과 $^{238}U,\;^{235}U,\;^{234}U$의 방사능 농도는 평균적으로 각각 116.1, 5.01, 및 121.2 Bq $kg^{-1}$으로 나타났으며, $^{234}U/^{238}U$의 방사능 농도비는 $1.04\;{\pm}\;0.03$ 로서 자연상태의 토양중 방사능 농도 비인 1.14 와 유사하였다. 동일시료에 대한 감마측정 결과 $^{226}Ra,\;^{292}Th$$^{40}K$의 방사능 농도는 각각 $101.7\;{\sim}\;113.9,\;39.5\;{\sim}\;54.2$, 및 $315.0\;{\sim}\;990.6$ Bq $kg^{-1}$ 으로 나타났다. $^{226}Ra,\;^{292}Th$$^{40}K$ 동위원소의 농도를 사용하여 재활용 목적으로서의 비산석탄회의 방사능 함량 유해도를 평가하였고, 그 결과 본 연구의 대상물질인 비산석탄회의 방사능 함량은 허용기준치 이하로 나타났다.

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중성자 에너지 측정을 위한 NE213-PSD 장치의 감응 분석 (Response Analysis of the NE213-PSD System for Neutron Energy Spectreum Measurement)

  • 이경주
    • 분석과학
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    • 제5권4호
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    • pp.367-372
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    • 1992
  • 방사선 중성자 선원의 에너지 스펙트럼을 측정하기 위하여 액체 섬광 검출기(NE213)와 펄스모형 분리장치를 감마선 선원과 중성자 선원을 이용하여 그 감응 특성을 분석하였다. Am-Be 선원을 이용하여 이 장치에 대한 "Figure of Merit"을 측정한 결과 1.13 이었다. 이 값은 단색 에너지 중성자 선원인 $^{12}C(d,\;n)^{13}N$에서의 1.3 과 상당히 유사한 값을 보여 준다. NE213-PSD 장치의 성능 시험을 위한 이 실험결과는 중성자-감마 혼합 방사선장에서 스펙트럼의 측정과 중성자 에너지 스펙트럼과 속밀도 측정표준을 확립하는 데 기술적으로 유용하게 쓰일 것이다.

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Experimental Investigation of Clay Fly Ash Bricks for Gamma-Ray Shielding

  • Mann, Harjinder Singh;Brar, Gurdarshan Singh;Mann, Kulwinder Singh;Mudahar, Gurmel Singh
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제48권5호
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    • pp.1230-1236
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to determine the effect of fly ash with a high replacing ratio of clay on the radiation shielding properties of bricks. Some interaction parameters (mass attenuation coefficients, half value layer, effective atomic number, effective electron density, and absorption efficiency) of clay fly ash bricks were measured with a NaI(Tl) detector at 661.6 keV, 1,173.2 keV, and 1,332.5 keV. For the investigation of their shielding behavior, fly ash bricks were molded using an admixture to clay. A narrow beam transmission geometry condition was used for the measurements. The measured values of these parameters were found in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. The elemental compositions of the clay fly ash bricks were analyzed by using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. At selected energies the values of the effective atomic numbers and effective electron densities showed a very modest variation with the composition of the fly ash. This seems to be due to the similarity of their elemental compositions. The obtained results were also compared with concrete, in order to study the effect of fly ash content on the radiation shielding properties of clay fly ash bricks. The clay fly ash bricks showed good shielding properties for moderate energy gamma rays. Therefore, these bricks are feasible and eco-friendly compared with traditional clay bricks used for construction.

어래산지역(御來山地域)의 갈렴석광상(褐簾石鑛床) (Allanite Mineralization in the Mt. Eorae Area)

  • 오민수
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.151-166
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    • 1989
  • A study of rare-earth mineralization in Kyemyungsan metasedimentary formation of Precambrian Ogcheon Group was carried out in the Mt. Eore Area near Choongju City based on the thorium (Th) and uranium (U) count data of geophysical airborne survey. This rare-earth mineralization was found in the magnetite-bearing banded quartizite which contains diagnostically some amounts of the metamict allanite. The brown colored allanites are distributed as aggregates of fine grains and sometimes banded structures with magnetite (inter growth) along the banding. The ore bed is displaced by the small faults and granite intrusions, and separated 5 ore blocks. The dimensions of the outcrop are 50-80 m in width, 1,500 m in length with the strike of $N70-80^{\circ}E$ and dip of $50-80^{\circ}NW$. In the field, the values of total gamma ray count of GR-101A scintillometer were able to measure more than 400 cps and maximum 1,500 cps, which data are coincided with the values of GR-310 gamma ray spectrometer and the gamma ray count of well logging data. The chemical compositions of the allanites from EPMA data are ranged from$\sum^{TR_2O_3}$ 18.57% to 26.00%, and the cerium oxides ($Ce_2O_3$) of allanite are positive relation with $La_2O_3$, MgO, FeO, MnO and negative relation with $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, $Nd_2O_3$. The result of Neutron Activation Analysis (N.A.A.), Multi-Channel Analysis (M.C.A.) and wet chemistry of 25 outcrop samples for the elements of REE, Zr, U, Th shows strong anomalies. The good correlation elements with the thorium (Th) are the elements of La, Ce, LREE, $TR_2O_3$, Pr, Sm, Yb, Lu by the increasing order.

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The detection efficiency study of NaI(Tl) scintillation detector with the different numbers of SiPMs

  • Wang, Bao;Zhang, Xiongjie;Wang, Qingshan;Wang, Dongyang;Li, Dong;Xiahou, Mingdong;Zhou, Pengfei;Ye, Hao;Hu, Bin;Zhang, Lijiao
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제54권7호
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    • pp.2564-2571
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    • 2022
  • SiPMs are generally coupled into whole columns in gamma energy spectrum measurement, but the relationship between the distribution of whole SiPM columns and the energy resolution of the measured energy spectra is rarely reported. In this work, ∅ 3 × 3 inch NaI scintillator is placed on an 8 × 8 SiPM array, and the energy resolution of the 137Cs peak at 662 keV corresponding to the γ-ray is selected as a reference. Each SiPM is switched to explore the influence of the number of SiPM arrays, distribution position, and reflective layer on the energy resolution of SiPMs. Results show that without coupling, the energy resolution is greatly improved when the number of SiPMs ranges from 4 to 32. However, after 32 slices (the area covered by SiPMs relative to the scintillator reaches 25.9%), the improvement in energy resolution and total pulse count is not obvious. In addition, the position of SiPMs relative to the scintillator does not exert much impact on the energy resolution. Results also indicate that by adding a reflective film (ESR), the energy resolution of the tested group increases by 10.38% on average. This work can provide a reference for the design and application of miniaturized SiPM gamma spectrometers.

Radionuclide concentrations in agricultural soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in district Swabi, KPK, Pakistan

  • Umair Azeem;Hannan Younis;Niamat ullah;Khurram Mehboob;Muhammad Ajaz;Mushtaq Ali;Abdullah Hidayat;Wazir Muhammad
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제56권1호
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    • pp.207-215
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    • 2024
  • This study focuses on measuring the levels of naturally occurring radioactivity in the soil of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, as well as the associated health hazard. Thirty (30) soil samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radioactivity levels using a High Purity Germanium detector (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometer with a photo-peak efficiency of approximately 52.3%. The average values obtained for these radionuclides are 35.6 ± 5.7 Bqkg-1, 47 ± 12.5 Bqkg-1, and 877 ± 153 Bqkg-1, respectively. The level of 232Th is slightly higher and 40K is 2.2 times higher than the internationally recommended limit of 30 Bqkg-1 and 400 Bqkg-1, respectively. Various parameters were calculated based on the results obtained, including Radium Equivalent (Raeq), External Hazard (Hex), Absorbed Dose Rate (D), Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose (AGDE), Annual Effective Dose Rate, and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), which are 170.3 ± 24 Bqkg-1, 0.46 ± 0.06 Bqkg-1, 81.4 ± 2.04 nGy h-1, 582 ± 78.08 µSvy-1, 99.8 ± 13.5 µSv Gy-1, and 0.349 ± 0.04, respectively. These values are below the limits recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) in 2002. This study highlights the potential radiation threats associated with natural radioactivity levels in the soil of Swabi and provides valuable information for public health and safety.

건조 및 추출방법에 따른 오미자 휘발성 성분의 변화 (Changes in Volatile Compounds of Schizandra chinensis Fruits According to Drying and Extracting Methods)

  • 김관수;송지숙;방진기
    • 한국약용작물학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2000
  • 오미자 (Schizandra chinensis Bullion)의 건조방법에 따른 휘발성성분의 변화를 알아보고자 생체시료와 건조시료에 대한 SDE (steam distillation & extraction) 추출분석과 Headspace 분석을 하였다. 건조방법별 오미자의 정유함량은 생체시료에서 0.58%, 냉동건조시료에서 0.60%, 열풍건조 $(60^{\circ}C)$ 시료에서 0.30%를 나타냈다. SDE 추출된 정유의 성분조성을 조사한 결과, 생체시료의 주요 성분은 terpinen-4-ol(9.01%), ${\gamma}-terpinene(7.02%),\;{\beta}-myrcene(7. 55%)$, 기타 sesquiterpene류(28.48%) 등으로 나타났다. 냉동 건조시료의 경우도 비슷한 경향을 보였으나, 열풍 건조시료에서는 ${\gamma}-terpinene(5.40%),\;{\beta}-elemene(8.28%)$, 기타 sesquiterpene류(50.38%)등을 주로 함유하여 열풍건조에 의해 성분 조성이 달라졌다. Headspace 분석의 경우 SDE 분석과는 다른 성분조성을 보였는데 생체시료는 ${\beta}-myrcene(22.05%),\;{\gamma}-terpinen(9.47%),\;{\alpha}-pinene(8.91%)$, sabinene (8.48%) 등이 주성분으로 나타났다. 건조시료의 성분조성은 대체적으로 냉동건조, $(60^{\circ}C)$ 열풍건조, $(80^{\circ}C)$ 열풍건조 순으로 ${\beta}-myrcene,\;{\alpha}-terpinene$ 등은 감소하였고, ${\alpha}-ylangene,\;{\alpha}-pinene$, camphene 등은 증가하는 경향이었다. 건조조건에 따라 정유성분의 함량과 조성 이 SDE 분석과 Headspace 분석 모두에서 변화하였는데, 전반적으로 monoterpene류와 알코올류의 조성은 감소하고 상대적으로 고비점 화합물인 sesquiterpene류의 조성은 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

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${\gamma}$-선에 조사된 티오황산나트륨 단결정의 상자성 결함에 관한 전자스핀공명 연구 (ESR Study on Paramagnetic Defects of the ${\gamma}$-Irradiated Sodium Thiosulfate Single Crystal)

  • 양정성
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제27권4호
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    • pp.244-254
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    • 1983
  • 최적 조건에서 티오황산나트륨$(Na_2S_2O_3) 포와 수용액으로부터 단결정을 생성시킨다. 이 단결정에 약 $20{\times}10^6$ 렌트겐의 ${\gamma}$-선을 조사시키면 그 결정 내부에 상자성 중심 또는 상자성 결함들이 생성되어 진다. g값이 2.0036인 등방성 D.P.P.H 피크를 기준으로 하여 무등방성인 각 상자성종들의 스펙트럼을 상온에서 X-band 전자 스핀 공명 분석기로 얻었다. 무등방성 피이크들의 각도의존성을 나타내기 위하여 서로 직교하는 a, b, c 결정축으로 $0^{\circ}$에서 $180^{\circ}$까지 $10^{\circ}$간격으로 회전시키면서 ESR 스펙트럼을 기록하였다. 무등방성 피이크들과 등방성 D.P.P.H 피이크간의 선위치 거리로부터 g값들을 계산하고 각 상자성종들의 g값의 9 matrix 원소들을 얻어 대각화(diagonalization)시켜 특성 주 g 값(principal g values)과 방향여현(direction cosine)을 얻었다. 이 특성 주 g값과 방향여현으로 ${\gamma}$-선에 조사된 $Na_2S_2O_3$ 단결정내의 상자성 결함을 분석한 결과 이 단결정내에 무등방성 피이크에 해당하는 $SO_2^+, SO_2^- $및 미확인된 불안정한 상자성 중심 등이 존재함을 확인하였다.

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옥천층군 일대의 지표방사능과 감마선량 평가 (Evaluation of Terrestrial Gamma Radiation and Dose Rate of the Ogcheon Group Area)

  • 윤욱;조병욱
    • 지질공학
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    • 제30권4호
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    • pp.577-588
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    • 2020
  • 일부 암석의 우라늄 함량이 높은 것으로 알려진 옥천층군 지역의 유효선량을 파악하기 위하여 휴대용 감마선분광분석기를 이용하여 421개 지점에서 지표방사능(40K, eU, eTh)을 측정하였다. 연구지역을 5개의 지질(og1, og2, og3, og4, 화성암)로 구분했을 때 지질별 지표방사능 강도에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 전체 421 암석의 40K, eU, eTh의 함량은 각각 0.7~10.3% (평균 5.2%), 0.6~287.0 ppm (평균 8.5 ppm), 4.0~102.4 ppm (평균 31.3 ppm) 을 보였다. 방사능강도로부터 구한 연구지역의 흡수선량은 28.84~1,714.5 nGy/h의 범위로서(평균 195.4 nGy/h) 지질별 평균값 최저는 og1의 166.3 nGy/h, 최고는 og2의 233.3 nGy/h(중앙값은 198.1 nGy/h였다. 흡수선량으로부터 구한 연구지역의 옥외 유효선량은 0.04~2.10 mSv/y (평균 0.24 mSv/y)의 범위이며 함 우라늄층이 협재된 og2에 위치한 4개 지점을 제외하면 옥외 유효선량이 1 mSv/y를 넘는 지점은 없었다.