• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 2011

The dietary intake of whole grains is known to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. To investigate whether there are anti-adipogenic activities in various Korean cereals, we assessed water extracts of nine cereals. The results showed that treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, Setaria italica Beauvois, or Panicum miliaceum L. extract significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation, as determined by measuring oil red-O staining, triglyceride accumulation, and glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Among the nine cereals, P. miliaceum L. showed the highest anti-adipogenic activity. The effects of P. miliaceum L. on mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, and the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-${\alpha}$ were evaluated revealing that the extract significantly decreased the expression of these genes in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, P. miliaceum L. extract changed the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in adipocytes, which is related to biological activity and cell characteristics. These results suggest that some cereals efficiently suppress adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In particular, the effect of P. miliaceum L. on adipocyte differentiation is associated with the downregulation of adipogenic genes and fatty acid accumulation in adipocytes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.384-392
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Enteral nutrition formulas with immune-enhancing nutrients, such as n-3 fatty acids, may manage patients' nutritional status and pathophysiological processes. The aim of our study was to investigate natural killer (NK) cell activity alterations and related cytokine changes resulting from feeding with soybean oil-containing enteral nutrition formula (control group) and plant-derived n-3 fatty acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects participated for 14 consecutive days and consumed enteral formula containing canola and flaxseed oil (n3EN, test group) in nonsurgical patients hospitalized for rehabilitation. Blood samples were collected on the first day and 14 days after the consumption of each formula daily, and anthropometric parameters were collected. Hematology and biochemical values were analyzed, and NK cell activities and serum cytokine concentration were measured. A total of sixty subjects were included in the analysis, excluding dropouts. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in biochemical parameters. The n3EN group's NK cell activities at effector:tumor cell ratios of 10:1, 5:1, 2.5:1 and 0.625:1 were significantly higher than those of the control group after two weeks (P < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in serum cytokine interleukin (IL)-12, $interferon-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ values between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study elucidates the beneficial effects of plant-derived n-3 fatty acid supplementation in enteral formula on NK cell activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1072-1078
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• 2003

Radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcycolbutanones are formed from the fatty acids of irradiated fat. These radiation-induced compunds were detected by fat extraction with a Soxtec apparatus from dried cuttle fish (Sepia officinalis), isolation of hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones with florisil column chromatography, and identification of GC/MS. Concentration of hydrocarbons produced by -λ-irradiation depended on the composition of fatty acid in dried cuttle fish. The major hydrocarbons in the irradiated dried cuttle fish samples were pentadecane and 1-tetradecene from palmitic acid, heptadecane and 1-hexadecene from stearic acid, and 8-heptadecen and 1,7-hexadecadiene from oleic acid. Of 2-alkylcyclobutanones, 2-dodecylcyclobutanone from palmitic acid was present at the highest level in irradiated dried cuttle fish. The radiation-induced hydrocarbons and 2-alkylcyclobutanones from the irradiated dried cuttle fish were detected at 0.5 kGy and over, but not detected in the non-irradiated fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1674-1680
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the effects of glucose, chromium picolinate (CrP), and vitamin C (Vit C) on lipid metabolism in Korean native steers fitted with indwelling catheters. A total of 12 Korean native steers were randomly allocated to the following treatments: 1) normal control diet, 2) same as 1) +250 g of glucose by intravenous (IV) infusion, 3) same as 2)+13.5 g CrP administered orally, and 4) same as 3)+2.52 g Vit C by IV infusion. Glucose, Vit C, and CrP treatments were administered for five days. At days 1 and 3, serum insulin was higher in treated animals than in those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in the steers on treatment 2), control+13.5 g CrP, was lower than those on other treatments at 90 min post-infusion on days 1 and 3 (p<0.05). The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ (PPAR${\gamma}$)2, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut 4) in the longissimus muscle of steers on treatment 2 was higher than those on other treatments. In conclusion, the results suggest that CrP is associated with the regulation of gene expression involved in adipogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2002

To analyze proteins related to antifungal activity, SAR01 strain was isolated from seaweed and identified as Streptomyces sp. from the result of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) analysis. The isolated strain had antifungal activities against T species of plant pathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity deficient mutant (SAR 535) of Streptomyces sp. SAR01 was induced by gamma radiation $(^{60}Co,\;5kGy)$. By 2 D electrophoresis analysis, 6 protein spots were found in wild strain (SAR01) but these spots disappeared in mutant strain (SAR535). Among them, 5 proteins showed similarities to heat shock protein 70(HSP70), Fe-containing superoxide dismutase II (Fe- SODII), ribosome recycling factor (RRF), 10 kDa chnperonin (GroES) and inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPAse), respectively. It suggested that the above 6 proteins could be closely related to the antifungal activity of Streptomyces sp. SAR01.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2016

Recently, research has been focusing on high quality and safer animal production by utilizing natural functional materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of natural Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) on gamma linolenic acid (GLA) levels in milk from Holstein dairy cows. Quality and quantity of milk as well as blood and fatty acids from Holstein cow fed diets supplemented with 2.7-4% calcium-salted EPO coated with palm stearin oil were analyzed. There was no significant difference in yield and composition of milk between control and EPO treatment. However, EPO treatment lowered blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST), somatic cell count (SCC), and cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) compared to untreated control. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level was decreased (p < 0.05) in GLA 1 and GLA 2 group when compared with control group. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in GLA 1 and GLA 2 groups than in control group. The level of GLA in milk was increased in EPO group when compared to control. Therefore, results from the present study demonstrate that supplementary EPO has beneficial effects on cow health, showing a decrease in somatic cell count and levels of blood cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and AST. Furthermore, supplementation of EPO improves milk quality with increased amounts of GLA.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.367-374
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• 2017

Background: An imbalance in energy intake and expenditure can cause obesity, which is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cancers and hyperlipidemia. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of a water extract from the young leaves of barley sprout (BS) in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice (HF). Lipid accumulation measurement indicates that BS markedly inhibited adipogenesis by reducing lipid droplet production in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ and fatty acid synthetase, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-${\alpha}$ and fatty acid binding protein 4 in 3T3-L1 cells was significantly inhibited by BS treatment. In an in vivo test, the BS-administered group of HFD-induced mice showed less body weight gain, and lower liver and epididymal white adipose tissue weights. The BS-treated mice showed decreased serum levels of leptin and lipids compared to untreated HFD mice and the levels of adiponectin and the HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio increased. These results indicate that BS inhibits body fat accumulation by reducing the mRNA expression of lipogenesis transcription factors and increasing serum adipokine concentration in in vitro and in vivo tests. Conclusions: BS reduced high fat diet-induced weight gain and had a positive effect on dyslipidemia.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2020

The absence of functional estrogen receptor α (Esr1) results in an overgrowth of the epididymal fat, as observed in estrogen receptor α knockout (ERαKO) mouse. The present research was aimed to evaluate expression of various molecules associated with adipocyte differentiation and maturation in the epididymal fat of ERαKO mouse at several postnatal ages by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The highest transcript levels of all molecules were detected at 12 months of postnatal age, except leptin which the mRNA level was increased at 5 months of age and was unchanged until 12 months of age. The expression levels of CCAAT enhancer binding protein (Cebp) alpha, androgen receptor, and lipoprotein lipase were decreased at 5 months of age but increased at about 8 months of age. The mRNA levels of Cebp gamma and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 remained steady until 8 months of age. Continuous increases of transcript levels during postnatal period were found in Cebp beta, estrogen receptor (ER) beta, fatty acid binding protein 4, and delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1. The increases of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and adiponectin mRNA levels were detected as early as 8 months of age. The levels of fatty acid synthase and resistin transcript at 5 and 8 months of age were lower than that at 2 months of age. These findings show the aberrant expression patterns of genes related to adipocyte differentiation and maturation in the postnatal epididymal fat pad by the disruption of ER alpha function.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.484-490
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• 1996

Physicochemical changes were determined for the boiled-dried anchovies packaged in a laminated film(nylon 15${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/polyethylene 100${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and stored for one year at ambient and cooling(5~1$0^{\circ}C$) temperatures after gamma irradiation. Lipophilic and hydrophilic browning pigments increased with storage time particularly at ambient temperature, even though initial 5 kGy irradiation did not affect the formation of pigments significantly. This results were confirmed by the instrumental color determinations, Hunter color L, a, b and ΔE. With respect to changes in relative fatty acid compositions, storage period and temperature were more influential factors than gamma irradiation. Irradiation at 5 kGy induced insignificant changes in the total flavor profiles of stored anchovies, which were mainly composed of n-dodecanal(26.7%), n-pentadecane(22.2%), n-octanal(4.9%) and 2-pentylfuran(3.4%).

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.167-176
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• 2020

The fat pad defined as the epididymal fat is located at the head part of the epididymis. However, another fat mass is present near the caudal epididymis, named tail epididymal fat. The present research was focused to determine the expression of adipocyte-associated molecules in the mouse tail epididymal fat at different postnatal ages, including 2, 5, 8, and 12 months of age. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed continuous increases of expression levels of delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1, leptin, and resistin as postnatally aged. The transcript level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma was the highest at 5 months of age, remaining at a steady level until 12 months of age. Expression levels of fatty acid binding protein 4, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly increased until 8 months of age, persisting the level at 12 months of age. The transcript level of fatty acid synthase was significantly increased at 8 months of age, without a further change of the level at 12 months of age. These findings exhibited the expression of adipocyte-associated genes which were also detected at the ordinary epididymal fat pad. However, expression patterns of these genes in the tail epididymal fat are different with those in the distal and proximal epididymal fat, suggesting distinct characteristics and/or functions of the tail epididymal fat.