• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2004

The objective of the present study was to determine whether ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and Candida kefyr combined with nitrate as manipulators could suppress rumen methanogenesis without nitrate poisoning in sheep. Four rumen fistulated wethers were allocated to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Nitrate (1.3 g $NaNO_3$ $Kg^{-0.75}$body weight) with and without GOS and Candida kefyr were administered into the rumen through fistula as a single dose 30 min after the morning meal. GOS and Candida kefyr were supplemented by sprinkling onto the feed and through rumen fistula, respectively. The four treatments consisted of saline, nitrate, nitrate plus GOS and nitrate plus GOS plus Candida kefyr. Physiological saline was used as the control treatment. Compared to saline treatment, the administration of nitrate alone resulted in a very marked decrease in rumen methanogenesis and an increase in rumen and plasma nitrite production and blood methaemoglobin formation consequently causing a decline in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and metabolic rate. When compared to nitrate alone, the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS decreased nitrite accumulation in rumen and plasma and nitrate-induced methaemoglobin, while retaining low methane production. However, GOS could not fully restore metabolic parameters reduced by nitrate. When compared to the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS, the simultaneous administration of nitrate with GOS plus Candida kefyr lowered rumen methanogenesis to a negligible level, but did not decrease rumen and plasma nitrite accumulation as well as blood methaemoglobin formation. Thus, these results suggest that combination of nitrate with GOS may be a potent manipulator to suppress rumen methanogenesis with abating the hazards of nitratenitrite toxicity in ruminants.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1201-1210
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The dietary intake of foods with fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is known to adversely affect patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the effects of FODMAP have been studied predominantly among Western populations. This study aimed to identify foods high in FODMAP content which form a part of the Korean adult diet and obtain basic data for the preparation of IBS guidelines. SUBJECTS/METHODS: An online survey of 1,000 adults from the general population in the age group of 20 to 40 years was performed. Data from 787 participants (men, 386; women, 401) were analyzed. The general characteristics of the participants, health status, IBS diagnosis using the Rome III diagnostic criteria, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire findings, and food items causing symptoms were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 169 participants (21.5%) had IBS. The contribution of the FODMAP nutrients in both IBS and healthy groups was as follows: fructan > lactose > excess fructose > sorbitol > mannitol > galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). The fructan intake was 4.6 ± 2.2 g/day and 4.3 ± 2.5 g/day in the IBS and healthy groups (P = 0.014), respectively. In the IBS group, the ratio of the intake of fructan to the total FODMAP intake was 39.5%, 29.8%, and 5.8% through onions, garlic, and bananas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fructan was the FODMAP nutrient most consumed by Korean adults. Therefore, given the difference in the dietary habits of each country's population, the dietary guidelines for IBS should be country specific.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.531-536
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• 2002

본 연구는 포집된 bifidobacteria의 위산과 담즙산에 대한 bifidobacteria의 생존율을 증가시키는 것을 목적으로 하였다. Bifidobacteria의 포집을 위한 alginate 선별 실험은 유사위액에 3시간 반응 후 생존율을 측정하여 결정하였다. 2.5%의 Jiwon Co.의 alginate로 포집한 비드에서의 생존율이 Sigma Co.의 alginate로 포집한 비드나 2.0%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%의 농도에 비해 우수하게 나타났다. Bifidobacteria의 생존율을 향상시키기 위해 2.5% alginate와 함께 보호 효과를 가져올 수 있는 11종의 식품 첨가물질을 가지고 실험을 하였다. 이 실험에서는 erythritol-alginate 비드가 다른 첨가물질들 보다 높은 생존율을 보였다. 또한 erythritol의 최적농도 결정을 위한 실험으로 유사위액에 3시간 반응 후 생존율을 측정한 결과 erythritol의 농도는 1.0%일 때 56%로 가장 우수하게 나타났다. 2.5% alginate 와 1.0% erythritol의 농도로 결정지어진 비드의 크기에 따른 영향 실험에서는 2.0 mm 비드가 다른 크기의 비드보다 bifidobacteria의 생존율이 가장 높았다. Erythritol-alginate 비드는 포집하지 않은 bifidobacteria나 alginate만으로 포집한 bifidobacteria보다 유사위액이나 담즙액에서의 생존율이 높았다. 이러한 비드의 저장성은 5% skimmilk 수용액 상에서 10주간 저온저장을 하였을 경우에 $10^{7}$ 이상의 균수를 유지시킬 수 있었다. 결과적으로 erytritol-alginate비드는 bifidobacteria의 생존율과 저장 안정성에 있어서 다른 첨가물을 이용한 세포 포집의 경우에서보다 이용가치가 높다고 할 수 있다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic formula with partial whey hydrolysate and high magnesium content in infants presenting with functional constipation. Methods: Sixty-five infants with functional constipation were included. Forty infants were treated during one month with parental reassurance and the intervention formula and were compared to a control group of 25 infants treated with parental reassurance only. Parents completed a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire at baseline and during the last week of the study. Results: At inclusion, stool characteristics and QoL were similar in both groups. The control group was slightly older than the intervention group ($7.5{\pm}3.9$ vs. $6.2{\pm}3.6$ weeks). At onset, stool composition was "hard and tight" (Bristol stool scale 1 and 2) in all infants. After one month, stool composition remained unchanged in the control group except in two infants that developed "creamy" stools (Bristol stool scale type 3 and 4). In the intervention group, stools remained "hard and tight" in 27.5%, and became "creamy" in 47.5%, "loose" (Bristol stool scale type 5) in 22.5% and "watery" (Bristol stool type 6 and 7) in 2.5%. The benefit of the intervention formula was estimated to be "very important" in 70%. The median scores for QoL improved significantly in the intervention group for all parameters and for one in the control group. Conclusion: The intervention formula significantly improved functional constipation resulting in a better QoL of the parents and infants.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.952-956
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• 1999

본 연구는 시판 올리고당들 중 이소말토올리고당, 프락토올리고당, 및 갈락토올리고당들을 8% 첨가하여 수리미를 제조한 후 3개월간 냉동저장하여 수리미에 냉동변성방지제로의 이용가능성을 살펴보았다. 준비된 수리미로 겔을 만든 후, 이들의 물성, 수분 보유능, 미세구조, 그리고 겔의 색깔을 측정하였으며 현재 상업적으로 이용되는 냉동변성방지제들(설탕, 설탕+솔비톨 혼합물)과 겔 특성을 비교하였다. TPA test에서 시판 올리고당들 중 프락토올리고당의 경우 가장 높은 hardness와 fracturability를 보였고, 다른 올리고당들은 기존의 냉동변성방지제들과 유사한 특성을 나타내었다. 또한 수분 보유능, 미세구조 그리고 겔의 색깔에 있어서도 시판 올리고당들은 기존의 냉동변성방지제들과 유사한 결과를 나타내어 시판 올리고당들의 수리미 냉동변성방지제로의 이용가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2011

The abatement of methane emission from ruminants is an important global issue due to its contribution to greenhouse gas with carbon dioxide. Methane is generated in the rumen by methanogens (archaea) that utilize metabolic hydrogen ($H_2$) to reduce carbon dioxide, and is a significant electron sink in the rumen ecosystem. Therefore, the competition for hydrogen used for methanogenesis with alternative reductions of rumen microbes should be an effective option to reduce rumen methanogenesis. Some methanogens parasitically survive on the surface of ciliate protozoa, so that defaunation or decrease in protozoa number might contribute to abate methanogenesis. The most important issue for mitigation of rumen methanogenesis with manipulators is to secure safety for animals and their products and the environment. In this respect, prophylactic effects of probiotics, prebiotics and miscellaneous compounds to mitigate rumen methanogenesis have been developed instead of antibiotics, ionophores such as monensin, and lasalocid in Japan. Nitrate suppresses rumen methanogenesis by its reducing reaction in the rumen. However, excess intake of nitrate causes intoxication due to nitrite accumulation, which induces methemoglobinemia. The nitrite accumulation is attributed to a relatively higher rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite than nitrite to ammonia via nitroxyl and hydroxylamine. The in vitro and in vivo trials have been conducted to clarify the prophylactic effects of L-cysteine, some strains of lactic acid bacteria and yeast and/or ${\beta}$1-4 galactooligosaccharide on nitrate-nitrite intoxication and methanogenesis. The administration of nitrate with ${\beta}$1-4 galacto-oligosaccharide, Candida kefyr, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were suggested to possibly control rumen methanogenesis and prevent nitrite formation in the rumen. For prebiotics, nisin which is a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis has been demonstrated to abate rumen methanogenesis in the same manner as monensin. A protein resistant anti-microbe (PRA) has been isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum as a manipulator to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. Recently, hydrogen peroxide was identified as a part of the manipulating effect of PRA on rumen methanogenesis. The suppressing effects of secondary metabolites from plants such as saponin and tannin on rumen methanogenesis have been examined. Especially, yucca schidigera extract, sarsaponin (steroidal glycosides), can suppress rumen methanogenesis thereby improving protein utilization efficiency. The cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), or cashew shell oil, which is a natural resin found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell has been found to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. In an attempt to seek manipulators in the section on methane belching from ruminants, the arrangement of an inventory of mitigation technologies available for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) in the Kyoto mechanism has been advancing to target ruminant livestock in Asian and Pacific regions.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2015

본 연구는 ${\beta}$-galactosidase와 효모 발효에 의해 고순도 갈락토올리도당(HP-GOS)의 제조를 위한 효율적인 방법을 찾고자 수행하였다. 6종의 상업용 ${\beta}$-galactosidase를 이용해 효소반응 전후의 구성당을 각각 비교한 결과, Lactozym 3000L을 이용하여 제조한 GOS에서 효소반응을 통해 생성된 total GOS의 양이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 생성된 GOS의 농도는 초기 lactose로부터 51%의 전환율을 나타냈다. 또한 GOS의 수율은 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 발효에 의해 더욱 높아졌는데, 효모를 8% 첨가하여 36시간 발효 후 생성된 GOS의 농도는 71%까지 도달했음을 확인하였다. HPLC를 이용한 구성당 분석 결과, S. cerevisiae에 의한 발효를 통해 제조한 HP-GOS에는 발효 전에 존재했던 glucose의 함량이 급감되었을 뿐 아니라, 4'/6'-galactosyllactose와 total GOS의 양은 유의적으로 증가되었다. HP-GOS는 상업용 GOS보다 Lactobacillus 속(L. acidophilus and L. casei) 및 Bifidobacterium 속(B. longum and B. bifidum)의 성장을 촉진시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 효소 처리 및 효모 발효를 통해 고순도의 GOS가 제조되었으며, 제조된 HP-GOS는 상업용 GOS에 비해 장내 유용균으로 알려진 Bifidobacterium 속과 Lactobacillus 속의 생육을 증가시킴으로써 인간의 장내 건강에도 유익한 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.595-603
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• 2020

토란에 존재하는 점질다당의 새로운 이용방안을 모색하기 위하여 토란으로부터 다당을 분리하여 항보체 활성을 평가하고 구조 분석을 행하였다. 토란으로부터 분리한 조다당 CE를 이온교환수지와 Sephadex G-100 column를 이용하여 정제하였고, 그 중 수율과 활성이 양호한 CE-4a를 최종 획분으로 선정하였다. 초기 면역반응에 중요한 역할을 하는 보체계에 대한 토란 다당의 활성화 여부를 측정한 결과 양성대조군인 PSK에 준하는 강력한 항보체 활성을 보였고, 시료의 농도차이를 두어 실험한 결과 농도 의존적임을 알 수 있었다. CE-4a는 분자량 약 182.4 kDa의 다당체로 구성당 조성을 확인한 결과 Man, Gal 및 GalA를 높은 비율로 함유하고 있었다. 본 당쇄의 결합양식을 규명하기 위하여 methlyation analysis를 행한 결과 CE-4a는 terminal Galp. 3-linked-Galp, 4-linked Manp, 2,4,6-linked Manp를 포함한 총 10종의 결합으로 구성되어 있었다. 또한 CE-4a의 전체구조를 추정하기 위하여 endo-α-(1→4)-polygalacturonase, exo-α-galactosidase 및 endo-β-(1→4)-mannanase를 이용한 연속 가수분해 처리 및 해석을 행하였다. 결과를 종합하면, 토란 유래 다당 CE-4a는 (1→4)-mannan 주쇄로 존재하며 주쇄인 mannose의 C(O)6 위치에서 한가닥 또는 C(O)2, C(O)6 위치에서 동시에 두가닥의 측쇄가 연결되어 존재하고, 측쇄는 주로 galacto oligo당이 측쇄로 분지된 특징이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1892-1903
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• 2022

Objective: A series of experiment were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing a part of soybean meal (SBM) at 6% of broiler diets with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) obtained by single or two-stage fermentation by measuring growth performance, antioxidant activity in the jejunum and distal intestinal microflora. Methods: Soybean meal samples were prepared by single-stage fermentation using Bacillus velezensis (Bv) (FSBM_B), or Lactobacillus spp. (as commercial control) (FSBM_L). Additional SBM sample was prepared by two-stage fermentation using Bv and subsequently using Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367 (Lb) (FSBM_B+L). Enzyme activity, chemical composition, trichloroethanoic acid-nitrogen solubility index (TCA-NSI) and antioxidant activity were measured. Then, in an in vivo study, 320 Ross308 broilers were divided into four groups with ad libitum supply of feed and water. Four groups were fed either a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM), or one of fermented SBM diets (FSBM_B+L, FSBM_B, and FSBM_L). Growth, serum characteristics, microflora, and the mRNA expression of selected genes were measured. Results: Compared to SBM, FSBM_B+L contained lower galacto-oligosaccharide, allergic protein, and trypsin inhibitor, and higher TCA-NSI by about three times (p<0.05). Reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability correlated positively with the TCA-NSI content in FSBM. Growth performances were not significantly different among four groups. In jejunum of 35-day-old broilers, partial replacement of SBM by FSBM_B+L increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), and the FSBM_B group had the highest catalase activity (p<0.05). Partial replacement of SBM by FSBM increased relative mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) (p<0.05); however, FSBM_B+L increased CAT mRNA level to 5 times of the control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using Bv- and Lb-processed SBM through two-stage fermentation to partially replace 6% of diets will improve the gut's antioxidant activity under commercial breeding in broilers.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.204-212
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• 2009

대두의 발효를 통하여 생리활성을 가지고 있는 이소플라본 aglycone 함량을 높이기 위한 ${\beta}$-glucosidase와 대두에 다량 함유되어 있는 stachyose, rafinose와 같은 난소화성 oligosaccharides를 분해하기 위해 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase 효소 분비 미생물을 김치로부터 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase와 ${\beta}$-glucosidase를 생산하는 미생물을 탐색하였다. 탐색과정을 위해서 선별한 미생물을 16S rDNA sequencing 동정한 결과, Weissella cibaria 동정되어 Weissella cibaria K-M1-4로 명명하였다. Weissella cibaria K-Ml-4를 대두 액체배지에서 18시간동안 배양한 후, 생산한 효소는 배양액을 에탄을 침전, DEAE sepharose, sephacryl S-100HR column chromatography 통하여 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase의 경우, 정제도 5.3배, 수율 3.5% 그리고 ${\beta}$-glucosidase의 경우, 정제도 4.4배, 수율 2.9%로 정제되었다. ${\alpha}$-Galactosidase 효소특성은 $60^{\circ}C$에서 최대 활성을 나타내었으며, $80^{\circ}C$에서 30분 처리시 43% 잔존활성을 보였다. pH 8.0에서 최대 활성을 나타내었으며, pH 5.0-9.0에서 안정하였다. 금속이온에 대한 영향에서 $Fe^{2+}$과 $Cu^{2+}$을 첨가하였을 때 효소 활성이 증가하였다. p-Nitrophenyl-${\alpha}$-D-galacto-pyranoside (PNPG) 기질에 대한 Km은 0.98 mM이었고, Vmax는 $1.81{\mu}$mole/min 이었다. ${\beta}$-Glucosidase 효소 특성은 $50^{\circ}C$에서 최대 활성을 나타내었으며, $80^{\circ}C$에서 30분 처리시 46% 잔존활성을 보였다. pH 7.0에서 최대 활성을 나타내었으며, pH 5.0-9.0에서 안정하였다. 금속이온에 대한 영향에서 $Fe^{2+},\;Co^{2+},\;Cu^{2+}$을 첨가하였을 때 효소 활성이 증가하였다. p-Nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-gluco-pyranoside (PNPG)에 대한 Km값은 1.24mM이었고, Vmax는 $6.81{\mu}$mole/min 이었다.