• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Purpose: In every time radiation therapy set up errors occur because internal anatomical organs move due to breathing and change of patient's position. These errors may affect the change of dose distribution between target area and normal structure. This study investigates the usefulness of body-fix in clinical treatment. Materials and Methods: Among 55~60 aged male patients who has hepatocellular carcinoma in area of liver's couinaud classification, we chose 10 patients and divided two groups by using body-fix or not. When applying body-fix, we maintained a vacuum of 80 mbar pressure by using vacuum pump (Medical intelligence, Germany). Patients had free breathing with supine position. After working to fuse and consist MV-CT (megavoltage computed tomography) with KV-CT (kilovoltage computed tomography) obtained by 5 times treatments, we compared and analyzed set up errors occurred to (Right to Left, RL) of X axis, (Anterioposterio, AP) of Z axis, (Cranicoudal, CC) of Y axis. Results: Average Set up errors through image fusion showed that group A moved $0.3{\pm}1.1\;mm$ (Cranicoudal, CC), $-1.1{\pm}0.7\;mm$ (Right to Left, RL), $-0.2{\pm}0.7\;mm$ (Anterioposterio, AP) and group B moved $0.62{\pm}1.94\;mm$ (Cranicoudal, CC), $-3.62{\pm}1.5\;mm$ (Right to Left, RL), $-0.22{\pm}1.2\;mm$ (Anterioposterio, AP). Deviations of X, Y and Z axis directions by applying body-fix indicated that maximum X axis was 5.5 mm, Y axis was 19.8 mm and Z axis was 3.2 mm. In relation to analysis of error directions, consistency doesn't exist for every patient but by using body-fix showed that the result of stable aspect in spite of changes of everyday's patient position and breathing. Conclusion: Using body-fix for liver cancer patient is considered effectively for tomotherapy. Because deviations between group A and B exist but they were stable and regular.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.51
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• pp.293-319
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• 2018

Thanks to the advancement of the related technologies and equipment, today's video contents like movies, animations and soap operas are rapidly expanding their expressible cinematic imagination area. In order to fulfill the elevated visual expectations of audiences and realize exciting storytelling and fantastic world, the fusion of different techniques is actively used, and the reality for visual effects and image synthesis is increasing more and more. Accordingly, recent VFX-oriented movies using CG have a much more complicated production process than before. Therefore, the importance of Pre-visualization, aka Pre-vis is becoming bigger in the planning process for sophisticated design. Pre-vis means that the advance visualization for stories or directing ideas in the planning process before starting production of movies or animations. 3D animated Pre-visualization realizing directors' abstract and ambiguous ideas in 3 dimensional environment in advance is, as a powerful means for visual storytelling, briskly used focusing on the VFX film industry on which the present CG is broadly used, and the role of Pre-vis throughout productions has increased compared to the past. The studies, however, on the role and utility of Pre-vis are not enough. Therefore, this study was conducted on the role of Pre-vis used for present VFX movie productions using the examples of 3D animated Pre-visualization production in which the researcher of this study participated. In this study, the role of the Pre-vis that is subdivided presently, is divided into and 3D animatics and their each role is analyzed with the example images. Through this, the characteristics that Pre-vis should have are clarified and the concept of the advantages and utility led by the use of Pre-vis in productions is strengthened. The goal of this study is to induce active uses of Pre-vis throughout productions after forming consensus about the various roles of Pre-vis and their utility.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.148-160
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• 2012

The main purpose of this paper is to deliver a climate analysis and evaluation method based on GIS by using airborne LiDAR data and Biotop type map and to provide spatial information of climate analysis and evaluation based on Biotop type Map. At first stage, the area, slope, slope length, surface, wind corridor function and width, and obstacle factors were analyzed to obtain cold/fresh air production and wind corridor evaluation. In addition, climate evaluation was derived from those two results in the second stage. Airborne LiDAR data are useful in wind corridor analysis during the study. Correlation analysis results show that ColdAir_GRD grade was highly correlated with Surface_GRD (-0.967461139) and WindCorridor_ GRD was highly correlated with Function_GRD (-0.883883476) and Obstacle_GRD (-0.834057656). Climate Evaluation GRID was highly correlated with WindCorridor_GRD (0.927554516) than ColdAir_GRD (0.855051646). Visual validations of climate analysis and evaluation results were performed by using aerial ortho-photo image, which shows that the climate evaluation results were well related with in-situ condition. At the end, we applied climate analysis and evaluation by using Biotop map and airborne LiDAR data in Gwangmyung-Shiheung City, candidate for the Bogeumjari Housing District. The results show that the aerial percentile of the 1st Grade is 18.5%, 2nd Grade is 18.2%, 3rd Grade is 30.7%, 4th Grade is 25.2%, and 5th Grade is 7.4%. This study process provided both the spatial analysis and evaluation of climate information and statistics on behalf of each Biotop type.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

For overall system test, hidden-target test have been used using film which leads to inherent analysis error. The purpose of our study is to quantify this error and to propose gel dosimeter based verification technique for 3-dimensional target point error. The phantom was made for simulation of human head and this has ability to equip 10 gel-dosimeter. $BANGkit^{TM}$ which we are able to manufacture whenever it is needed as well as to easily change the container with different shapes was used as a gel dosimeter. The 10 targets were divided into two groups based on shapes of areas with a planned 50% isodose line. All treatment and analysis was performed three times using Novalis and $BrainSCAN^{TM}$. The target point error is $0.77{\pm}0.15mm$ for 10 targets and directional target point error in each direction is $0.54{\pm}0.23mm$, $0.37{\pm}0.08mm$, $0.33{\pm}0.10mm$ in AP (anterior-posterior), LAT (lateral), and VERT (vertical) direction, respectively. The result of less than 1 mm shows that the treatment was performed through each precise step in treatment procedure. In conclusion, the 3-dimensional target point verification technique can be one of the techniques for overall system test.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2010

Purpose: It aims to evaluate the location change and tendency of hepatic and intrahepatic tumors according to gastric volume and change of location. Materials and Methods: It studied 9 patients with hepatic tumors who visited Gangnam Severance Hospital from March 2009 to April 2010 and who underwent CT or PET (Positron Emission Tomography) within 2 weeks before CT-simulation. The patients fasted for 6 hours before CT-simulation and drank 240~250 cc of water just before CT or PET for image fusion. Those two types of images were fused to RTP (Radiation Treatment Planning, Pinnacle 8.0h) focusing on bone structure of individual patients. Results: They drank 240~260 cc of water but their stomach volume after drinking water varied from 259.3 cc to 495.4 cc. Even though individual differences existed in the change of stomach volume before and after drinking water, the volume was increased by 130 cc (174%) on average. The change in absolute distance between the centers of tumors ranged from 0.52 cm to 3.04 cm (1.52 cm on average); from 0.1 cm to 1.35 cm (0.44 cm on average) in cranial-caudal direction; from 0.05 cm to 2.75 cm (1.22 cm on average) in left-right direction; and from 0.05 cm to 1.85 cm (0.33 cm on average) in ventral-dorsal direction. Conclusion: It is hard to predict the movement of tumors by observing stomach movement, due to great individual differences; however, it was observed that the location of hepatic tumors was right-sided as the stomach was filled with water. Thus, it is recommended to maintain the fastened state to secure the accuracy of hepatic tumor treatment. If it cannot maintain the fastened state, it is recommended to measure stomach volumes and movement in the patient to consider the movement of hepatic tumors before radiation treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2012

Purpose: Recently implant surgical guides were used for accurate and atraumatic operation. In this study, the accuracy of two different types of surgical guides, positioning device fabricated and stereolithography fabricated surgical guides, were evaluated in four different types of tooth loss models. Materials and methods: Surgical guides were fabricated with stereolithography and positioning device respectively. Implants were placed on 40 models using the two different types of surgical guides. The fitness of the surgical guides was evaluated by measuring the gap between the surgical guide and the model. The accuracy of surgical guide was evaluated on a pre- and post-surgical CT image fusion. Results: The gap between the surgical guide and the model was $1.4{\pm}0.3mm$ and $0.4{\pm}0.3mm$ for the stereolithography and positioning device surgical guide, respectively. The stereolithography showed mesiodistal angular deviation of $3.9{\pm}1.6^{\circ}$, buccolingual angular deviation of $2.7{\pm}1.5^{\circ}$ and vertical deviation of $1.9{\pm}0.9mm$, whereas the positioning device showed mesiodistal angular deviation of $0.7{\pm}0.3^{\circ}$, buccolingual angular deviation of $0.3{\pm}0.2^{\circ}$ and vertical deviation of $0.4{\pm}0.2mm$. The differences were statistically significant between the two groups (P<.05). Conclusion: The laboratory fabricated surgical guides using a positioning device allow implant placement more accurately than the stereolithography surgical guides in dental clinic.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.39
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• pp.451-472
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• 2015

Lian Huan Hua(連環畵) has occurred in the history of China Cartoon was initially developed as a unique literary style of Chinese painting and narrative combined. Also Lian Huan Hua are also tend to form once the fusion 1920s was also a very creative fashion cartoon style. This is also referred to as chain cartoon. In 1950-1960, China 's Lian Huan Hua also mature a 'golden age' legal group reaches to indicate the unique formal features developed independently. This work is a dramatic expression of Lian Huan Hua narrative, shows a more realistic representation techniques and art forms such as portraiture is a very big breakthrough was achieved artistic maturity of the work increased significantly. by He You Zhi(賀友直) and by Hau San Chuan(華三川) is a masterpiece of artistry and maturity in the period leading side. Chapter 2 looked at the origin and development of Chinese Lian Huan Hua, it was seen by the fact that China achieved new progress in Lian Huan Hua upset every time the combination of content and form, In addition, the work of 1950-1960 in the development process of China's Lian Huan Hua confirmed the fact that they won the biggest achievement in artistry and maturity surface. Therefore, Chapter 3 how 'golden age' masterpiece of and the dramatic narrative of expression by analyzing a specific angle in the multifaceted image of the , realistic portraiture, such as the acquisition of Chinese concrete artistry Lian Huan Hua I want to show. Analysis of the figures depicting nature, landscape screens. consisted of highlights and background and techniques of utilization, production methods. The purpose of this research work is to identify two conditions of great Lian Huan Hua through analysis of concrete work and painting techniques such as framing and directing the Lian Huan Hua's artistic achievements is to investigate the influence of China in the early comics. These two works are focused on a realistic view of life and put out was to create a more effective representation of information it attempts to pass a new production techniques and will have the significance. Also completed was a new style absorbed throughout the aesthetic advantages are compelling own personality writers of Eastern and Western paintings are remarkable in that its performance. But the difference in the two works represent all types and painting techniques has a the mood of common China's lives.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.174-181
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• 2005

Purpose: Reduction of respiratory motion artifacts in PET images was studied using respiratory-gated PET (RGPET) with moving phantom. Especially a method of generating simulated helical CT images from 4D-CT datasets was developed and applied to a respiratory specific RGPET images for more accurate attenuation correction. Materials and Methods: Using a motion phantom with periodicity of 6 seconds and linear motion amplitude of 26 mm, PET/CT (Discovery ST: GEMS) scans with and without respiratory gating were obtained for one syringe and two vials with each volume of 3, 10, and 30 ml respectively. RPM (Real-Time Position Management, Varian) was used for tracking motion during PET/CT scanning. Ten datasets of RGPET and 4D-CT corresponding to every 10% phase intervals were acquired. from the positions, sizes, and uptake values of each subject on the resultant phase specific PET and CT datasets, the correlations between motion artifacts in PET and CT images and the size of motion relative to the size of subject were analyzed. Results: The center positions of three vials in RGPET and 4D-CT agree well with the actual position within the estimated error. However, volumes of subjects in non-gated PET images increase proportional to relative motion size and were overestimated as much as 250% when the motion amplitude was increased two times larger than the size of the subject. On the contrary, the corresponding maximal uptake value was reduced to about 50%. Conclusion: RGPET is demonstrated to remove respiratory motion artifacts in PET imaging, and moreover, more precise image fusion and more accurate attenuation correction is possible by combining with 4D-CT.